Powdered materials including carbonaceous structures for lithium-sulfur battery cathodes
A composition of matter suitable for incorporation into a battery electrode is disclosed. In some implementations, the composition of matter may include pores that may be defined in size or shape by several carbonaceous particles. Each of the particles may have multiple regions such that adjacent regions are separated from each other by some of the pores. Deformable regions may be distributed throughout a perimeter of each of the particles, for example, to accommodate coalescence of multiple adjacent particles. The composition of matter may also include a plurality of aggregates and a plurality of agglomerates, where each aggregate includes a multitude of the particles joined together, and each agglomerate includes a multitude of the aggregates joined together.
1. A composition of matter including a plurality of pores, the composition of matter comprising:
a plurality of particles, each of the particles comprising:
a first zone including a plurality of first pores, the plurality of first pores having a uniform pore size; and
a second zone including a plurality of second pores, the second zone concentrically positioned relative to the first zone and separated from the first zone by at least some of the plurality of first pores, wherein the plurality of second pores has a pore size that gradually decreases along a radial direction from the center of the particle to a boundary of the particle;
a plurality of aggregates, each including a multitude of the particles joined together; and
a plurality of agglomerates, each including a multitude of the aggregates joined together.
2. The composition of matter of claim 1 , wherein each of the particles has a principal dimension in an approximate range between 20 nanometers (nm) and 150 nm.
3. The composition of matter of claim 1 , wherein each of the aggregates has a principal dimension in an approximate range between 10 nanometers (nm) and 10 micrometers (μm).
4. The composition of matter of claim 1 , wherein each of the agglomerates has a principal dimension in an approximate range between 0.1 micrometers (μm) and 1,000 μm.
5. The composition of matter of claim 1 , wherein each of the pores has a principal dimension in an approximate range between 0 nanometers (nm) and 100 nm.
6. The composition of matter of claim 1 , wherein the first zone has a first porosity and the second zone has a second porosity different than the first porosity.
7. The composition of matter of claim 1 , wherein the first zone has a first density and the second zone has a second density different than the first density.
8. The composition of matter of claim 1 , wherein the first zone has a first pore density between 0.0 cubic centimeters (cc)/g and 2.0 cc/g.
9. The composition of matter of claim 1 , wherein the second zone has a second pore density between 1.5 cubic centimeters (cc)/g and 5.0 cc/g.
10. The composition of matter of claim 1 , wherein the Composition of matter has an electrical conductivity in an approximate range between 100 Siemens (S)/m to 20,000 S/m at a pressure of 12,000 pounds per square in (psi).
11. The composition of matter of claim 1 , wherein at least some of the agglomerates are connected to each other with one or more polymer-based binders.
12. The composition of matter of claim 1 , further comprising one or more electrically conductive additives dispersed within at least some of the plurality of pores.
13. The composition of matter of claim 1 , wherein each of the particles includes one or more of flat graphene, wrinkled graphene, a plurality of carbon nano-tubes (CNTs), or a plurality of carbon nano-onions (CNOs).
14. The composition of matter of claim 1 , wherein each of the particles further comprises a third zone concentrically disposed on the second zone to the center of the respective particle and is separated from the second zone by at least some of the plurality of pores, the third zone including a plurality of third pores.
15. The composition of matter of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of first pores are macropores, the plurality of second pores are mesopores, and the plurality of third pores are micropores.
16. The composition of matter of claim 1 , wherein each of the particles further comprises one or more additional zones concentrically disposed on the second zone to the center of the respective particle and each of the one or more additional zones is separated from an immediately adjacent zone by at least some of the plurality of pores.
17. The composition of matter of claim 1 , wherein the pore sizes of pores of the plurality of second pores gradually decreases along the radial direction.