Protective layer including tin fluoride disposed on a lithium anode in a lithium-sulfur battery
A battery is disclosed that includes an anode, a graded interface layer disposed on the anode, a cathode positioned opposite to the anode, an electrolyte, and a separator. The anode may output lithium ions during cycling of the battery. A graded interface layer may be disposed on the anode and include a tin fluoride layer. A tin-lithium alloy region may form between the tin fluoride layer and the anode. The tin-lithium alloy region may produce a lithium fluoride uniformly dispersed between the anode and the tin fluoride layer during operational cycling of the battery. The electrolyte may disperse throughout the cathode and the anode. The separator may be positioned between the anode and cathode. In some aspects, the battery may also include lithium electrodeposited on one or more exposed surfaces of the anode.
1. A battery comprising:
an anode configured to output a plurality of lithium ions during cycling of the battery;
a graded layer disposed on the anode, the graded layer comprising:
a polymeric network including a density gradient formed of wrinkled graphene associated with graphene nanoplatelets dispersed throughout and isolated from one other within the polymeric network, at least some wrinkled graphene configured to expand in volume along one or more flexure points and retain polysulfides generated during cycling of the battery, the polymeric network comprising:
a plurality of fluorinated poly(meth)acrylates grafted onto one of more flexure points of at least some wrinkled graphene;
a plurality of carbon-fluorine (C—F) bonds within the polymeric network, at least some of the plurality of carbon-fluorine (C—F) bonds configured to chemically react, by a Wurtz reaction, with at least some of the plurality of lithium ions and convert into carbon-lithium (C—Li) bonds by displacing fluorine ions (F − );
a plurality of carbon-carbon (C—C) bonds formed during displacement of fluorine ions (F − ) during the Wurtz reaction, formation of carbon-carbon (C—C) bonds associated with cross-linking of the polymeric network;
lithium fluoride (LiF) formed responsive to displacement of the fluorine ions (F − ), lithium fluoride (LiF) associated with consumption of at least some of the plurality of lithium ions; and
a cathode positioned opposite to the anode;
an electrolyte dispersed throughout the cathode and the anode; and
a separator positioned between the anode and cathode.
2. The battery of claim 1 , further comprising a solid-electrolyte interphase formed at a surface of the anode exposed to the electrolyte during cycling of the battery.
3. The battery of claim 2 , wherein the graded layer is configured to grow the solid-electrolyte interphase during cycling of the battery.
4. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the graded layer is deposited on the anode by one or more of atomic layer deposition (ALD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), or physical vapor deposition (PVD).
5. A battery comprising:
an anode configured to output a plurality of lithium ions during cycling of the battery;
a graded layer disposed on the anode, the graded layer comprising:
a polymeric network including a density gradient formed of wrinkled graphene associated with graphene nanoplatelets dispersed throughout and isolated from one other within the polymeric network, at least some wrinkled graphene configured to expand in volume along one or more flexure points and retain polysulfides generated during cycling of the battery, the polymeric network comprising:
a plurality of fluorinated poly(meth)acrylates grafted onto one of more flexure points of at least some wrinkled graphene;
a plurality of carbon-fluorine (C—F) bonds within the polymeric network, at least some of the plurality of carbon-fluorine (C—F) bonds configured to chemically react, by a Wurtz reaction, with at least some of the plurality of lithium ions and convert into carbon-lithium (C—Li) bonds by displacing fluorine ions (F − ); and
a plurality of carbon-carbon (C—C) bonds formed during displacement of fluorine ions (F − ) during the Wurtz reaction, formation of carbon-carbon (C—C) bonds associated with cross-linking of the polymeric network; and
lithium fluoride (LiF) formed responsive to formation of at least some of the plurality of carbon-carbon (C—C) bonds, lithium fluoride (LiF) associated with consumption of at least some of the plurality of lithium ions; and
a cathode positioned opposite to the anode, the cathode formed from a composition of matter comprising a plurality of pores, the composition of matter comprising:
a plurality of non-tri-zone particles;
a plurality of tri-zone particles, each tri-zone particle including:
a plurality of carbon fragments intertwined with each other and separated from one another by mesopores; and
a deformable perimeter configured to coalesce with one or more adjacent non-tri-zone particles or tri-zone particles;
a plurality of aggregates, each aggregate including a multitude of the tri-zone particles joined together, each aggregate having a principal dimension in a range between 10 nanometers (nm) and 10 micrometers (μm);
a plurality of mesopores interspersed throughout the plurality of aggregates, each mesopore having a principal dimension between 3.3 nanometers (nm) and 19.3 nm;
a plurality of agglomerates, each agglomerate including a multitude of the aggregates joined to each other, each agglomerate having a principal dimension in an approximate range between 0.1 μm and 1,000 μm; and
a plurality of macropores interspersed throughout the plurality of aggregates, each macropore having a principal dimension between 0.1 μm and 1,000 μm; and
an electrolyte dispersed throughout the cathode and the anode; and
a separator positioned between the anode and cathode.