Anodes for lithium-based energy storage devices
An anode for a lithium-based energy storage device such as a lithium-ion battery is disclosed. The anode includes an electrically conductive current collector comprising an electrically conductive layer and a transition metal oxide layer overlaying the electrically conductive layer. The anode may include a continuous porous lithium storage layer provided over the transition metal oxide layer. The continuous porous lithium storage layer may include at least 40 atomic % silicon. A method of making the anode may include providing an electrically conductive current collector having an electrically conductive layer and a transition metal oxide layer provided over the electrically conductive layer. The transition metal oxide layer may have an average thickness of at least 0.05 μm. A continuous porous lithium storage layer is deposited over the transition metal oxide layer by PECVD.
1. An anode for an energy storage device comprising:
an electrically conductive current collector comprising an electrically conductive layer and a metal oxide layer overlaying the electrically conductive layer; and
a continuous porous lithium storage layer overlaying the metal oxide layer, wherein the continuous porous lithium storage layer comprises at least 40 atomic % amorphous silicon, and wherein the continuous porous lithium storage layer has an average thickness of at least 1.0 μm.
2. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the metal oxide layer comprises a transition metal oxide.
3. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the metal oxide layer has an average thickness of at least 0.02 μm.
4. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the electrically conductive layer comprises stainless steel, titanium, nickel, or copper, and
wherein the metal oxide layer comprises an oxide of nickel, an oxide of copper, an oxide of titanium, or a combination thereof.
5. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the electrically conductive layer is in the form of a foil or mesh.
6. The anode of claim 1 , further comprising a supplemental layer provided over the continuous porous lithium storage layer.
7. The anode of claim 6 , wherein the supplemental layer comprises silicon dioxide.
8. The anode of claim 6 , wherein the supplemental layer comprises a metal oxide, a metal nitride, or a metal oxynitride, and wherein the supplemental layer comprises aluminum, titanium, vanadium, zirconium, tin, or a mixture thereof.
9. The anode of claim 6 , wherein the supplemental layer comprises lithium, phosphorous, or both.
10. The anode of claim 6 , wherein the supplemental layer comprises a lithium-containing material.
11. The anode of claim 10 , wherein the lithium-containing material comprises lithium phosphorous oxynitride, lithium phosphate, lithium aluminum oxide, (Li,La) x Ti y O z , or Li x Si y Al 2 O 3 .
12. The anode of claim 6 , wherein the supplemental layer is a solid state electrolyte material.
13. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the continuous porous lithium storage layer comprises at least 80 atomic % silicon.
14. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the continuous porous lithium storage layer comprises a hydrogen content in a range of 0.1 to 20 atomic %.
15. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the continuous porous lithium storage layer comprises boron, phosphorous, or a metallic element.
16. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the continuous porous lithium storage layer comprises up to 20 atomic % crystalline material.
17. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the continuous porous lithium storage layer comprises a silicide-forming element in a range of 0.1 to 10 atomic %.
18. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the anode is at least partially prelithiated prior to battery assembly.
19. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the continuous porous lithium storage layer further comprises antimony or tin.
20. The anode of claim 1 , further comprising an additional lithium storage layer provided over the continuous porous lithium storage layer, wherein the additional lithium storage layer comprises silicon particles.