Defect-free lithium nickel(3+) oxide materials for use in lithium batteries and method of preparation thereof
Substantially defect-free layered lithium nickel oxide materials of Formula (I): Li (1−x) (Ni (1−y) M y ) (1+x) O 2 and Formula (II): Li a Ni b M c O 2 are provided herein, wherein M is one or more metal selected from the group consisting of Co, Mn, Al, Mg, Ti, B, Zr, Nb, and Mo; 0≤x≤0.05; and 0≤y≤0.1, 0.97≤a≤1.03; 0.9≤b≤1; 0≤c≤0.1; and 0.97≤(b+c)≤1.03; and the material has a layered structure with no more than about 1.2 percent disorder between lithium and transition metal (TM) layers, as determined by structural refinement calculations on x-ray diffraction (XRD) data, compared to an ideal layered LiNiO 2 structure. The materials can be formed by heating Ni(OH) 2 or NiO with lithium hydroxide at a temperature in the range of about 650 to 680° C.
1. A method of preparing a substantially defect-free layered lithium nickel(3+) oxide material having no more than about 1.2 percent disorder between lithium and transition metal (TM) layers, as determined by structural refinement calculations on x-ray diffraction (XRD) data, compared to an ideal layered LiNiO 2 structure; the method comprising:
heating a stoichiometric mixture of lithium hydroxide and a nickel-containing precursor composition at a temperature in the range of about 650 to about 680° C., in an oxygen-containing atmosphere, for a time sufficient to form the substantially defect-free layered lithium nickel(3+) oxide material;
wherein the nickel-containing precursor composition comprises:
(a) a metal hydroxide composition that comprises at least about 90 mol % single-phase spherical β-Ni(2+) hydroxide (β-Ni(OH) 2 ) particles having a secondary particle size of less than about 15 μm, optionally in combination with up to about 10 mol % of M hydroxide; or
(b) a metal oxide composition comprising at least about 90 mol % NiO particles having a secondary particle size of less than about 15 μm, optionally in combination with up to about 10 mol % of an M hydroxide and/or an M oxide;
wherein M is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Co, Mn, Al, Mg, Ti, B, Zr, Nb, and Mo.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the substantially defect-free layered lithium nickel(3+) oxide material is a material of Formula (I): Li (1−x) (Ni (1−y) M y ) (1+x) O 2 ; wherein M is one or more metal selected from the group consisting of Co, Mn, and Al; 0≤x≤0.05; and 0≤y≤0.1.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the substantially defect-free layered lithium nickel(3+) oxide material is a material of Formula (II): Li a Ni b M c O 2 ; wherein M is one or more metal selected from the group consisting of Co, Mn, and Al; 0.97≤a≤1.03; 0.9≤b≤1; 0≤c≤0.1; and 0.97≤(b+c)≤1.03.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein M is selected from the group consisting of Co, Mn, and Al.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the oxygen-containing atmosphere is air.
6. The method of claim 1 , further comprising the step of preparing the NiO by heating single-phase spherical β-Ni(2+) hydroxide (β-Ni(OH) 2 ) particles having a secondary particle size of less than about 15 μm at a temperature in the range of about 200 to about 500° C.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the NiO is Ni 1−y M y O 1+δ and the single-phase spherical β-Ni(OH) 2 is Ni 1−y M y (OH) 2 ; wherein M is one or more metal selected from the group consisting of Co, Mn, Al, Mg, Ti, B, Zr, Nb, and Mo; 0≤y≤0.1; 0≤δ≤0.05.
8. The method of claim 6 , wherein the single-phase spherical β-Ni(2+) hydroxide (β-Ni(OH) 2 ) particles are heated at a temperature in the range of about 325 to about 375° C.
9. The method of claim 6 , wherein the nickel-containing precursor composition comprises about 100 mol % of the NiO; and the nickel-containing precursor composition comprises about 100 mol % β-Ni(OH) 2 .
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the lithium hydroxide is LiOH·H 2 O.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the stoichiometric mixture of the lithium hydroxide and the nickel-containing precursor composition is heated at about 665° C.
12. The material of claim 1 , wherein both x and y are 0, such that the material is substantially defect-free LiNiO 2 .
13. A substantially defect-free layered lithium nickel(3+) oxide material produced by the method of claim 1 .
14. An electrode active material for a lithium battery comprising a substantially defect-free layered lithium nickel(3+) oxide material of Formula (I): Li (1−x) (Ni (1−y) M y ) (1+x) O 2 ; wherein M is one or more metal selected from the group consisting of Co, Mn, Al, Mg, Ti, B, Zr, Nb, and Mo; 0≤x≤0.05; and 0≤y≤0.1; and the material has a layered structure with no more than about 1.2 percent disorder between lithium and transition metal (TM) layers, as determined by structural refinement calculations on x-ray diffraction (XRD) data, compared to an ideal layered LiNiO 2 structure.
15. The material of claim 14 , wherein M is selected from the group consisting of Co, Mn, and Al.
16. The material of claim 14 , wherein 0≤x≤0.02; and 0≤y≤0.05.
17. The material of claim 14 , wherein M is Co, x is 0 and y is 0.05, such that the material is substantially defect-free LiNi 0.95 Co 0.05 O 2 .
18. An electrode for an electrochemical cell comprising the electrode active material of claim 14 and a particulate carbon material coated on a current collector with a binder.
19. An electrochemical cell comprising an anode, a cathode, and a lithium-containing electrolyte contacting the anode and cathode, wherein the cathode comprises the electrode active material of claim 14 .
20. A battery comprising a plurality of the electrochemical cell of claim 19 electrically connected in series, in parallel, or in both series and parallel.
21. An electrode active material for a lithium battery comprising a substantially defect-free layered lithium nickel(3+) oxide material of Formula (II): Li a Ni b M c O 2 ; wherein M is one or more metal selected from the group consisting of Co, Mn, Al, Mg, Ti, B, Zr, Nb, and Mo; 0.97≤a≤1.03; 0.9≤b≤1; 0≤c≤0.1; and 0.97≤(b+c)≤1.03; and the material has a layered structure with no more than about 1.2 percent disorder between lithium and transition metal (TM) layers, as determined by structural refinement calculations on x-ray diffraction (XRD) data, compared to an ideal layered LiNiO 2 structure.
22. The material of claim 21 , wherein M is selected from the group consisting of Co, Mn, and Al.
23. The material of claim 21 , wherein 0.95≤b≤1; and 0≤c≤0.05.
24. The material of claim 21 , wherein M is Co, 0.94≤b≤0.96; and 0.04≤c≤0.06.
25. The material of claim 21 , wherein 0.98≤b≤1, and c is 0.
26. An electrode for an electrochemical cell comprising the electrode active material of claim 21 and a particulate carbon material coated on a current collector with a binder.
27. An electrochemical cell comprising an anode, a cathode, and a lithium-containing electrolyte contacting the anode and cathode, wherein the cathode comprises the electrode active material of claim 21 .
28. A battery comprising a plurality of the electrochemical cell of claim 27 electrically connected in series, in parallel, or in both series and parallel.