IP Library › Granted Patent US 12,509,981
Granted Patent B2
US 12,509,981 · App. 17/941,896 · Granted Dec 30, 2025

Parametric attribute of pore volume of subsurface structure from structural depth map

Inventor: Simon A. Stewart (Dhahran, SA)
Assignee: Saudi Arabian Oil Company
E21B47/003E21B2200/20
View Patent ↗
Loading inventors, assignments & file history…
Monitor This Case
Get email alerts when status or documents change.
Order Certified Copies
Most orders are placed with the USPTO same day — all within 24 business hours.
Order via The Patent Place →
Pre-filled with this patent's details
Quick Facts
Patent No.
US 12,509,981
App. No.
17/941,896
Granted
Dec 30, 2025
Kind
B2
Abstract

Example computer-implemented methods, media, and systems for determining a total gross rock volume (GRV) of multiple hydrocarbon reservoir units at a site are disclosed. One example method includes receiving multiple data points with each including an element representing a depth of a location on a structure depth map of a first reservoir unit at a site and another element representing a volume enclosed by the structure depth map and between the location and a closing contour of the first reservoir unit. A function representing a relationship between a GRV of a reservoir unit at the site and a closure height of the reservoir unit is curve fit to the multiple data points. A GRV of each of multiple reservoir units at the site is determined using the function. A total GRV of the multiple reservoir units is determined based on the GRV of each of the multiple reservoir units.

Claims (43)

1 . A computer-implemented method, comprising:

receiving a plurality of data points corresponding to a first reservoir unit at a site, wherein the site is for hydrocarbon exploration or CO 2 sequestration, each data point comprises two elements, one of the two elements represents a depth of a respective location on a structure depth map of the first reservoir unit, and another of the two elements represents a volume that is enclosed by the structure depth map and that is between the respective location on the structure depth map of the first reservoir unit and a closing contour of the first reservoir unit;

curve fitting a function to the plurality of data points corresponding to the first reservoir unit at the site, wherein the function represents a functional relationship between a gross rock volume (GRV) of the first reservoir unit at the site and a closure height of the first reservoir unit, the closure height of the first reservoir unit is a height from a crest of the first reservoir unit to the closing contour of the first reservoir unit, the crest of the first reservoir unit is a shallowest point of the first reservoir unit that is retaining hydrocarbons or a fluid that is positively buoyant relative to water, and the GRV of the first reservoir unit is truncated at the closing contour of the first reservoir unit, the functional relationship defining a plurality of isopachous surfaces at the site;

determining a respective GRV of each of a plurality of reservoir units at the site using the function;

determining a total GRV of the plurality of reservoir units at the site to be a sum of the determined respective GRV of each of the plurality of reservoir units; and

performing CO 2 sequestration at the site using the determined total GRV of the plurality of reservoir units at the site.

2 . The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , wherein determining the respective GRV of each of the plurality of reservoir units at the site using the function comprises determining the respective GRV of each of the plurality of reservoir units at the site using a respective thickness of each of the plurality of reservoir units at the site, wherein the respective thickness of each of the plurality of reservoir units at the site is a difference between a respective crest of each of the plurality of reservoir units and a respective base of each of the plurality of reservoir units.

3 . The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , wherein performing CO 2 sequestration screening of the site using the determined total GRV of the plurality of reservoir units at the site comprises:

converting the determined total GRV to a pore volume of the plurality of reservoir units based on respective porosity information of each of the plurality of reservoir units and respective net to gross parameter information of each of the plurality of reservoir units; and

performing CO 2 sequestration screening of the site using the pore volume of the plurality of reservoir units at the site.

4 . The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , wherein determining the respective GRV of each of the plurality of reservoir units at the site using the function comprises determining the respective GRV of each of the plurality of reservoir units at the site by implementing the function in a spreadsheet, wherein the function is applied to each of the plurality of reservoir units using a table generated by the spreadsheet.

5 . The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , wherein determining the respective GRV of each of the plurality of reservoir units at the site using the function comprises determining the respective GRV of each of the plurality of reservoir units at the site by implementing the function in a petrophysical software application, wherein the plurality of reservoir units are selected from a plurality of pay zones generated by the petrophysical software application, and wherein each of the plurality of pay zones comprises a respective reservoir that contains exploitable quantities of hydrocarbons.

6 . The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , wherein the depth of the respective location on the structure depth map of the first reservoir unit is a true vertical depth (TVD) of the respective location on the structure depth map of the first reservoir unit.

7 . The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of reservoir units at the site corresponds to a plurality of petrophysical cutoffs from a drilled well at the site.

8 . A non-transitory, computer-readable medium storing one or more instructions executable by a computer system to perform operations comprising:

receiving a plurality of data points corresponding to a first reservoir unit at a site, wherein the site is for hydrocarbon exploration or CO 2 sequestration, each data point comprises two elements, one of the two elements represents a depth of a respective location on a structure depth map of the first reservoir unit, and another of the two elements represents a volume that is enclosed by the structure depth map and that is between the respective location on the structure depth map of the first reservoir unit and a closing contour of the first reservoir unit;

curve fitting a function to the plurality of data points corresponding to the first reservoir unit at the site, wherein the function represents a functional relationship between a gross rock volume (GRV) of the first reservoir unit at the site and a closure height of the first reservoir unit, the closure height of the first reservoir unit is a height from a crest of the first reservoir unit to the closing contour of the first reservoir unit, the crest of the first reservoir unit is a shallowest point of the first reservoir unit that is retaining hydrocarbons or a fluid that is positively buoyant relative to water, and the GRV of the first reservoir unit is truncated at the closing contour of the first reservoir unit, the functional relationship defining a plurality of isopachous surfaces at the site;

determining a respective GRV of each of a plurality of reservoir units at the site using the function;

determining a total GRV of the plurality of reservoir units at the site to be a sum of the determined respective GRV of each of the plurality of reservoir units; and

performing CO 2 sequestration at the site using the determined total GRV of the plurality of reservoir units at the site.

9 . The non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 8 , wherein determining the respective GRV of each of the plurality of reservoir units at the site using the function comprises determining the respective GRV of each of the plurality of reservoir units at the site using a respective thickness of each of the plurality of reservoir units at the site, wherein the respective thickness of each of the plurality of reservoir units at the site is a difference between a respective crest of each of the plurality of reservoir units and a respective base of each of the plurality of reservoir units.

10 . The non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 8 , wherein performing CO 2 sequestration screening of the site using the determined total GRV of the plurality of reservoir units at the site comprises:

converting the determined total GRV to a pore volume of the plurality of reservoir units based on respective porosity information of each of the plurality of reservoir units and respective net to gross parameter information of each of the plurality of reservoir units; and

performing CO 2 sequestration screening of the site using the pore volume of the plurality of reservoir units at the site.

11 . The non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 8 , wherein determining the respective GRV of each of the plurality of reservoir units at the site using the function comprises determining the respective GRV of each of the plurality of reservoir units at the site by implementing the function in a spreadsheet, wherein the function is applied to each of the plurality of reservoir units using a table generated by the spreadsheet.

12 . The non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 8 , wherein determining the respective GRV of each of the plurality of reservoir units at the site using the function comprises determining the respective GRV of each of the plurality of reservoir units at the site by implementing the function in a petrophysical software application, wherein the plurality of reservoir units are selected from a plurality of pay zones generated by the petrophysical software application, and wherein each of the plurality of pay zones comprises a respective reservoir that contains exploitable quantities of hydrocarbons.

13 . The non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 8 , wherein the depth of the respective location on the structure depth map of the first reservoir unit is a true vertical depth (TVD) of the respective location on the structure depth map of the first reservoir unit.

14 . The non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 8 , wherein the plurality of reservoir units at the site corresponds to a plurality of petrophysical cutoffs from a drilled well at the site.

15 . A computer-implemented system, comprising:

one or more computers; and

one or more computer memory devices interoperably coupled with the one or more computers and having tangible, non-transitory, machine-readable media storing one or more instructions that, when executed by the one or more computers, perform one or more operations comprising:

receiving a plurality of data points corresponding to a first reservoir unit at a site, wherein the site is for hydrocarbon exploration or CO 2 sequestration, each data point comprises two elements, one of the two elements represents a depth of a respective location on a structure depth map of the first reservoir unit, and another of the two elements represents a volume that is enclosed by the structure depth map and that is between the respective location on the structure depth map of the first reservoir unit and a closing contour of the first reservoir unit;

curve fitting a function to the plurality of data points corresponding to the first reservoir unit at the site, wherein the function represents a functional relationship between a gross rock volume (GRV) of the first reservoir unit at the site and a closure height of the first reservoir unit, the closure height of the first reservoir unit is a height from a crest of the first reservoir unit to the closing contour of the first reservoir unit, the crest of the first reservoir unit is a shallowest point of the first reservoir unit that is retaining hydrocarbons or a fluid that is positively buoyant relative to water, and the GRV of the first reservoir unit is truncated at the closing contour of the first reservoir unit, the functional relationship defining a plurality of isopachous surfaces at the site;

determining a respective GRV of each of a plurality of reservoir units at the site using the function;

determining a total GRV of the plurality of reservoir units at the site to be a sum of the determined respective GRV of each of the plurality of reservoir units; and

performing CO 2 sequestration screening of at the site using the determined total GRV of the plurality of reservoir units at the site.

16 . The computer-implemented system of claim 15 , wherein determining the respective GRV of each of the plurality of reservoir units at the site using the function comprises determining the respective GRV of each of the plurality of reservoir units at the site using a respective thickness of each of the plurality of reservoir units at the site, wherein the respective thickness of each of the plurality of reservoir units at the site is a difference between a respective crest of each of the plurality of reservoir units and a respective base of each of the plurality of reservoir units.

17 . The computer-implemented system of claim 15 , wherein performing CO 2 sequestration screening of the site using the determined total GRV of the plurality of reservoir units at the site comprises:

converting the determined total GRV to a pore volume of the plurality of reservoir units based on respective porosity information of each of the plurality of reservoir units and respective net to gross parameter information of each of the plurality of reservoir units; and

performing CO 2 sequestration screening of the site using the pore volume of the plurality of reservoir units at the site.

18 . The computer-implemented system of claim 15 , wherein determining the respective GRV of each of the plurality of reservoir units at the site using the function comprises determining the respective GRV of each of the plurality of reservoir units at the site by implementing the function in a spreadsheet, wherein the function is applied to each of the plurality of reservoir units using a table generated by the spreadsheet.

19 . The computer-implemented system of claim 15 , wherein determining the respective GRV of each of the plurality of reservoir units at the site using the function comprises determining the respective GRV of each of the plurality of reservoir units at the site by implementing the function in a petrophysical software application, wherein the plurality of reservoir units are selected from a plurality of pay zones generated by the petrophysical software application, and wherein each of the plurality of pay zones comprises a respective reservoir that contains exploitable quantities of hydrocarbons.

20 . The computer-implemented system of claim 15 , wherein the plurality of reservoir units at the site corresponds to a plurality of petrophysical cutoffs from a drilled well at the site.

Assignments (1)
ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNOR'S INTEREST Recorded Sep 12, 2022
From: STEWART, SIMON A.
To: SAUDI ARABIAN OIL COMPANY
Reel/Frame 061059/0591 →
Continuity (1)
Related Publication 20240084690A1 · Mar 14, 2024
References Cited (193)
US 4271596A · Ganis · 1981 [cited by applicant]
US 5442950A · Unalmiser · 1995 [cited by examiner]
US 6147497A · Berryman et al. · 2000 [cited by applicant]
US 6446014B1 · Ocondi · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 6549854B1 · Malinverno et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 7359844B2 · Sung et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 8213261B2 · Imhof et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 8360148B2 · Atwood et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 8417497B2 · Osypov et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 8423337B2 · Hsu et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 8523487B2 · Georgiou et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 8670288B2 · Bjerkholt · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 8812334B2 · Givens et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 8849640B2 · Holl et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 8892407B2 · Budiman et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 8908925B2 · Hurley · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 8931580B2 · Cheng et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9008972B2 · Imhof et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9022129B2 · Dobin et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9134457B2 · Hurley et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9593558B2 · Sequeira, Jr. et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 10013800B1 · Mallet et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 10323499B2 · Dykstra et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 10370955B2 · De Prisco · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 10385678B2 · Nguyen · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 10822938B2 · Zhu et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 10914864B2 · Bratvedt et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 10948617B2 · Qin et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20030018437A1 · Stark · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 20030046005A1 · Haarstad et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 20030101033A1 · Torkildsen · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 20040138818A1 · Shray et al. · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 20050038604A1 · Marin et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20060136162A1 · Hamman et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 20080033656A1 · Herwanger · 2008 [cited by examiner]
US 20090043507A1 · Dommisse et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20100191514A1 · Massonnat · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20100198638A1 · Deffenbaugh · 2010 [cited by examiner]
US 20100299117A1 · Bjerkholt · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20110098996A1 · Nichols et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20110320182A1 · Dommisse et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20120048618A1 · Zamanian et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20130144531A1 · Johnston · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20130226968A1 · Wagner et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20130338984A1 · Braaksma · 2013 [cited by examiner]
US 20140081613A1 · Dommisse et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140278110A1 · Chugunov et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140278318A1 · Kauerauf · 2014 [cited by examiner]
US 20150073715A1 · Aarre et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150120199A1 · Casey · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150212235A1 · Barwise · 2015 [cited by examiner]
US 20150240624A1 · Ewing · 2015 [cited by examiner]
US 20160025877A1 · Ramfjord et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160040514A1 · Rahmani et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160306806A1 · Fackler et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20180348401A1 · Imhof · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 20190034812A1 · Borrel et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20190203593A1 · Fullmer · 2019 [cited by examiner]
US 20190383965A1 · Salman et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20200200929A1 · Sepehrnoori et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200242286A1 · Marchidan et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20210102457A1 · Dupont et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20210189840A1 · Albinali · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20220099854A1 · Stewart · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220235654A1 · Stewart · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220244415A1 · Stewart · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220307369A1 · Stewart · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220373702A1 · Stewart · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220381136A1 · Stewart · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20230087878A1 · Stewart · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 20230127237A1 · Stewart · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 20230175355A1 · Stewart · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 20230306679A1 · Stewart · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 20240093597A1 · Stewart · 2024 [cited by applicant]
CN 105089658 · 2018 [cited by applicant]
WO WO0142621 · 2001 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2005051069 · 2005 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2009055152 · 2009 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2010129247 · 2010 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2013119245 · 2013 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2016144842 · 2016 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2019243857 · 2019 [cited by applicant]
Lemon et al., Building solid models from boreholes and user-defined cross-sections, Computers and Geosciences, 2003 (Year: 2003). [cited by examiner]
Lin et al., 3D geological modelling based on 2D geological map, Annals of GIS, 2017 (Year: 2017). [cited by examiner]
Natali et al., Modeling Terrains and Subsurface Geology, Eurographics, 2013 (Year: 2013). [cited by examiner]
Tipper et al., 3D Geological Modeling and Visualization of Rock, arXiv, 2013 (Year: 2013). [cited by examiner]
Adams et al., “Equations of state for basin geofluids: algorithm review and intercomparison for brines,” Geofluids, 2002, 2, 257-271, 15 pages. [cited by applicant]
Ahmed et al., “Brine Disposal from Inland Desalination Plants: Current Status, Problems, and Opportunities,” The EnviroComp Institute, Chapter 4 of Environmental Sciences and Environmental Computing, 2004, 2, 31 pages. [cited by applicant]
Ajayi et al., “Characterization and quantification of the CO2 sequestration potential of a carbonate aquifer in Falaha Syncline, onshore Abu Dhabi,” SPE-183442-MS, Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conferen… [cited by applicant]
Al Suleimani et al., “Desalination by solar-powered reverse osmosis in a remote area of the Sultanate of Oman,” Applied Energy, Apr. 2000, 65(1-4): 367-380, 14 pages. [cited by applicant]
Al-Chalabi, “Parameter nonuniqueness in velocity versus depth functions,” Geophysics, 62(3), May-Jun. 1997, 970-979, 10 pages. [cited by applicant]
Al-Marhoun et al., “Black Oil Property Correlations—State of the Art,” SPE-172833-MS, Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2015, 12 pages. [cited by applicant]
Aminu et al., “A review of developments in carbon dioxide storage,” Applied Energy, 2017, 208: 1389-1419, 31 pages. [cited by applicant]
Archie, “The electrical resistivity log as an aid in determining some reservoir characteristics.” Transactions of the AIME 146.01, Dec. 1942, 54-62, 9 pages. [cited by applicant]
Atashbari and Tingay, “Pore pressure prediction in carbonate reservoirs,” SPE 150835, Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE), presented at the SPE Latin American and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference, Mexico City… [cited by applicant]
Bachu and Adams, “Sequestration of CO2 in geological media in response to climate change: capacity of deep saline aquifers to sequester CO2 in solution,” Energy Conversion and Management, Dec. 2003, 44(20): 3151-3175, 2… [cited by applicant]
Bachu et al., “CO2 storage capacity estimation: Methodology and gaps,” International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, Oct. 2007, 1(4): 430-443, 14 pages. [cited by applicant]
Basile et al., “TrackDip: A multi-scale processing of dipmeter data—Method, tests, and field example for 3-D description of gravity-driven deformations in the Eocene foreland basin of Ainsa, Spain,” Marine & Petroleum G… [cited by applicant]
Beaumont et al., “Treatise of Petroleum Geology/Handbook of Petroleum Geology: Exploring for Oil and Gas Traps. Chapter 5: Formation Fluid Pressure and Its Application.” 1999, 64 pages. [cited by applicant]
Bergbauer et al., “Improving curvature analyses of deformed horizons using scale-dependent filtering techniques” American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 87, Aug. 2003, 1255-1272, 18 pages. [cited by applicant]
Blake, “Quantifying Depth Uncertainty”, LinkedIN Pulse Article, Dec. 14, 2016, 7 pages. [cited by applicant]
Bowers, “Detecting high overpressure.” The leading edge 21.2 Feb. 2002, 174-177, 4 pages. [cited by applicant]
Bradley et al., “Properties of produced waters.” Petroleum Engineering Handbook, 1987, 25 pages. [cited by applicant]
Bulow, “Spherical Diffusion for 3D Surface Smoothing” IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 26, Dec. 2004, 1650-1654, 5 pages. [cited by applicant]
Burton et al., “Eliminating Buoyant Migration of Sequestered CO2 Through Surface Dissolution: Implementation Costs and Technical Challenges,” SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering, Jun. 2009, 9 pages. [cited by applicant]
Buscheck et al., “Pre-injection brine production in CO2 storage reservoirs: An approach to augment the development, operation, and performance of CCS while generating water,” International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Cont… [cited by applicant]
Calabrese, “Extension of Vibrating-Wire Viscometry to Electrically Conducting Fluids and Measurements of Viscosity and Density of Brines with Dissolved CO2 at Reservoir Conditions,” J. Chem. Eng. Data 2019, 64, 9, 3831-… [cited by applicant]
Carmichael et al., “Method and analysis for the upscaling of structural data,” Journal of Structural Geology, Feb. 2016, 83:121-133, 47 pages. [cited by applicant]
ccsnorway.com [online], “CCS Norway,” Gassnova, available on or before May 16, 2020, via Internet Archive: Wayback Machine URL <http://web.archive.org/web/20200516132047/https://ccsnorway.com/>, retrieved on Nov. 23, 20… [cited by applicant]
Celia, “Geological storage of captured carbon dioxide as a large-scale carbon mitigation option,” Water Resources Research, Apr. 2017, 21 pages. [cited by applicant]
coursehero.com [online], “Automatic Dip Computation with FMI data,” available on or before 2021, retrieved on Mar. 11, 2021, retrieved from URL <https://www.coursehero.com/file/p2gvqajt/Automatic-Dip-Computation-with-FM… [cited by applicant]
Cronin, “Finding the Mean and 95 Percent Confidence Interval of a Set of Strike-and-Dip or Lineation Data” Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, 14, May 2008, 113-119, 7 pages. [cited by applicant]
Dataplot Reference Manual, Weighted Standard Deviation, Sep. 1996, 2 pages. [cited by applicant]
De Wardt et al., “Wellbore collision avoidance and interceptions—State of the art,” SPE/IADC 163411, presented at the SPE/IADC Drilling Conference, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Mar. 5-7, 2013, 12 pages. [cited by applicant]
Dgi.com [online], “A Statistical Approach to Depth Uncertainty Analysis for Model Integrity” Aug. 2020, [retrieved on Jul. 8, 2021], retrieved from: URL <https://www.dgi.com/blog/depth-uncertainty-analysis/>, 8 pages. [cited by applicant]
Dickey, “Increasing concentration of subsurface brines with depth.” Chemical Geology 4.1-2, Mar. 1969, 361-370, 10 pages. [cited by applicant]
Difeng et al., “A new calculation approach of wellbore separation factor based on the relative position of adjacent wells,” Petroleum Exploration and Development, 47(1), Feb. 2020, 196-203, 8 pages. [cited by applicant]
Duan et al., “An improved model calculating CO2 solubility in pure water and aqueous NaCl solutions from 273 to 533 K and from 0 to 2000 bar,” Chemical Geology, Feb. 2003, 193(3-4): 257-271. [cited by applicant]
Etris et al., “True depth conversion: More than a pretty picture,” Recorder, CSEG, Nov. 2002, 26(9):1-19, 19 pages. [cited by applicant]
Finkbeiner et al., “Stress, pore pressure, and dynamically constrained hydrocarbon columns in the South Eugene Island 330 field, northern Gulf of Mexico,” American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG), American As… [cited by applicant]
Galic et al., “CO2 Injection Into Depleted Gas Reservoirs,” SPE-123788-MS, Paper presented at the SPE Offshore Europe Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition, Aberdeen, UK, Sep. 2009, 15 pages. [cited by applicant]
Garcia et al., “Density of Aqueous Solutions of CO2,” OSTI Technical Report, Oct. 2001, 9 pages. [cited by applicant]
Ghenai et al., “Grid-tied and stand-alone hybrid solar power system for desalination plant,” Desalination, Jun. 2018, 435: 172-180, 9 pages. [cited by applicant]
Goodman et al., “Reconciling subsurface uncertainty with the appropriate well design using the mechanical Earth model (MEM) approach,” The Leading Edge, May 2007, 26(5):545-672, 4 pages. [cited by applicant]
Green et al., “The importance of recognizing hydrodynamics for understanding reservoir volumetrics, field development and well placement,” presented at the Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, Texas, May 2014, 15 pa… [cited by applicant]
Hay, “Visualizing Scale-Domain Manifolds: A Multiscale Geo-Object Based Approach” In Weng, Q. (Ed.) Scale Issues in Remote Sensing. John Wiley & Sons Inc., 141-169, 31 pages. [cited by applicant]
Heinemann et al., “Hydrodynamics in subsurface CO2 storage: Tilted contacts and increased storage security,” International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 54:322-329, 8 pages. [cited by applicant]
Hubbert et al., “Entrapment of petroleum under hydrodynamic conditions,” AAPG Bulletin, Aug. 1953, 37(8):1954-2026, 73 pages. [cited by applicant]
Jahediesfanjani et al., “Estimating the pressure-limited CO2 injection and storage capacity of the United States saline formations: Effect of the presence of hydrocarbon reservoirs,” International Journal of Greenhouse … [cited by applicant]
Jahediesfanjani et al., “Improving pressure-limited CO2 storage capacity in saline formations by means of brine extraction,” International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 2019, 88: 299-310, 12 pages. [cited by applicant]
Jin et al., “Static and Dynamic Estimates of CO2-Storage Capacity in Two Saline Formations in the UK,” SPE J., Dec. 2012, 17 (04): 1108-1118, 11 pages. [cited by applicant]
Kim et al., “Partial desalination of hypersaline brine by lab-scale ion concentration polarization device,” Desalination, Jun. 2017, 412: 20-31, 12 pages. [cited by applicant]
Kristoffersen et al., “An Automatic Well Planner for Efficient Well Placement Optimization under Geological Uncertainty,” ECMOR XVII, Sep. 2020, 1-16, 16 pages. [cited by applicant]
Leahy et al., “Uncertainty in subsurface interpretation: a new workflow,” First Break, 31, Sep. 2013, 87-93, 7 pages. [cited by applicant]
Li et al., “A method for calculating the liquid density for the CO2—H2O—NaCl system under CO2 storage condition,” Energy Procedia, 2011, 4: 3817-3824, 8 pages. [cited by applicant]
Li et al., “Anomalous Pore Pressure and its Relation with In-Situ Stress Regime in Deepwater Play,” SPE 145686, Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE), presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Denv… [cited by applicant]
Lindeberg, “Scale Selection” In: Computer Vision, Springer, 2021, 17 pages. [cited by applicant]
Lisle et al., “The Mohr circle for curvature and its application to fold description,” Journal of Structural Geology, May 1995, 17(5):739-750, 12 pages. [cited by applicant]
Ma, “An Accurate Parametric Method for Assessing Hydrocarbon Volumetrics: Revisiting the Volumetric Equation,” SPE J., Jun. 2018, 23(05): 1566-1579, 14 pages. [cited by applicant]
Marler, “Survey of multi-objective optimization methods for engineering” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization, 26, Mar. 2004, 369-395, 27 pages. [cited by applicant]
McCann et al., “Horizontal Well Path Planning and Correction Using Optimization Techniques,” Journal of Energy Resources Technology, 123, Sep. 2001, 187-193, 7 pages. [cited by applicant]
Michelioudakis et al., “Uncertainty analysis of depth predictions from seismic reflection data using Bayesian statistics,” Geophysical Journal International, Mar. 2018, 213(3): 2161-2176, 34 pages. [cited by applicant]
Minar et al., “A comprehensive system of definitions of land surface (topographic) curvatures, with implications for their application in geoscience modelling and prediction,” Earth-Science Reviews, Dec. 2020, 211:10341… [cited by applicant]
Mitasova et al., “Simultaneous Spline Approximation and Topographic Analysis for Lidar Elevation Data in Open-Source GIS” IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 2, Oct. 2005, 375-379, 5 pages. [cited by applicant]
Mokhtarian et al., “A theory of multiscale, curvature-based shape representation for planar curves” IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 14, Aug. 1992, 789-805, 17 pages. [cited by applicant]
Mynatt, “Using differential geometry to describe 3-D folds” Journal of Structural Geology, 29, Feb. 2007, 1256-1266, 11 pages. [cited by applicant]
Nasrabadi, et al., “Well placement optimization: A survey with special focus on application for gas/gas-condensate reservoirs,” Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, Mar. 2012, 5:6-16, 11 pages. [cited by applicant]
Nomeli et al., “A new model for the density of saturated solutions of CO2—H2O—NaClin saline aquifers,” International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, Dec. 2014, 31: 192-204, 13 pages. [cited by applicant]
northernlightsccs.com [online], “Accelerating decarbonisation,” Northern Lights, available on or before Oct. 11, 2021, via Internet Archive: Wayback Machine URL <http://web.archive.org/web/20211011185110/https://norther… [cited by applicant]
Omar et al., “Pathways for integrated concentrated solar power—Desalination: A critical review,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Mar. 2020, 119: 109609, 17 pages. [cited by applicant]
Osborne et al., “Mechanisms for generating overpressure in sedimentary basins: a reevaluation,” American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 1997, 81:1023-1041, 19 pages. [cited by applicant]
Pau et al., “High-resolution simulation and characterization of density-driven flow in CO2 storage in saline aquifers,” Advances in Water Resources, Apr. 2010, 33: 443-455. [cited by applicant]
Pool et al., “Dynamics and design of systems for geological storage of dissolved CO2,” Advances in Water Resources, Dec. 2013, 62 Part C: 533-542, 10 pages. [cited by applicant]
Powley, “Pressures and hydrogeology in petroleum basins.” Earth-Science Reviews 29.1-4, Oct. 1990, 215-226, 12 pages. [cited by applicant]
Rachmawati, “Critical depth uncertainty analysis for accurate well planning at Tangguh” Proceedings, Indonesian Petroleum Association, IPA17-386-G, May 2017, 11 pages. [cited by applicant]
Rose, “Risk analysis and management of petroleum exploration ventures,” AAPG Methods in Exploration Series, 12, AAPG, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 2001, 164, 164 pages. [cited by applicant]
Rosin, “Determining local natural scales of curves” Pattern Recognition Letters, 19, 1998, 63-75, 13 pages. [cited by applicant]
Rudolph et al., “Benchmarking exploration predictions and performance using 20+ yr of drilling results: One company's experience,” AAPG Bulletin, Feb. 2017, 101 (2): 161-176, 16 pages. [cited by applicant]
Saika et al., “3D A proposed methodology of 3D geomodeling while geosteering for optimum horizontal well placement and enhanced geological risk management,” Indian Journal of Marine Geosciences, 2018, 47(4):826-830, 5 p… [cited by applicant]
Schlumberger, “Techlog Help pages: Processing for dip variables,” 2018, 3 pages. [cited by applicant]
Schulze-Riegert, et al., “Well Path Design Optimization Under Geological Uncertainty: Application to a Complex North Sea Field,” SPE Russian Oil & Gas Technical Conference and Exhibition, Oct. 2010, 11 pages. [cited by applicant]
Sensia “OFM Brochure: Well and Reservoir Analysis Software” Intelligent Action, 2021, 3 pages. [cited by applicant]
Shariatipour et al., “An engineering solution for CO2 injection in saline aquifers,” International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, Aug. 2016, 53: 98-105. [cited by applicant]
Shepherd, “Oil Field Production Geology: Volumetrics, in M. Shepherd, Oil field production geology: AAPG Memoir” AAPG, 2009, 91: 189-193, 5 pages. [cited by applicant]
Sigfusson et al., “Solving the carbon-dioxide buoyancy challenge: The design and field testing of a dissolved CO2 injection system,” International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, Jun. 2015, 37: 213-219, 7 pages. [cited by applicant]
Squire et al., “probGRV: a workflow for geostatistical depth conversion and probabilistic assessment of gross rock volume,” APPEA Journal, 2014, 54, 91-106, 16 pages. [cited by applicant]
Stamm et al., “Actors, actions, and uncertainties: optimizing decision-making based on 3-D structural geological models” Solid Earth, v. 10, Mar. 2019, 2015-2043, 29 pages. [cited by applicant]
Steele-MacInnis et al., “Volumetrics of CO2 Storage in Deep Saline Formations,” Environ. Sci. Technol., 2013, 47, 1, 79-86, 8 pages. [cited by applicant]
Stewart et al., “Generalization and multiscale structure of subsurface structural maps,” Interpretation, 2018, 6:T1045-T1054, 10 pages. [cited by applicant]
Stewart, “Scale dependence of strike and dip in sedimentary basins: Implications for field measurements and integrating subsurface datasets,” Journal of Structural Geology, Feb. 2020, 131:103943, 21 pages. [cited by applicant]
Stewart, et al., “Multiscale structure in sedimentary basins” Basin Research, 16, 2005, 183-197, 15 pages. [cited by applicant]
Suppe, “Fluid overpressures and strength of the sedimentary upper crust,” Journal of Structural Geology, 69(B), Dec. 2014, 481-492, 12 pages. [cited by applicant]
Suter et al., “Novel principles for effective Earth model grid management while geosteering,” University of Stavanger, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Energy Resources, Sep. 2018, 170 pages. [cited by applicant]
Tacher et al., “Geological uncertainties associated with 3-D subsurface models,” Computers & Geosciences, 2006, 32:212-221, 10 pages. [cited by applicant]
Thompson et al., “Designing and validating 2D reservoir models,” SPE-188066-MS, presented at the SPE Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Annual Technical Symposium and Exhibition, Dammam, Saudi Arabia, Apr. 24-27, 2017, 13 pages. [cited by applicant]
Thore et al., “Structural uncertainties: Determination, management, and applications” Geophysics, v. 67, May-Jun. 2002, 840-852, 13 pages. [cited by applicant]
Totake et al., “Structural validation as an input into seismic depth conversion to decrease assigned structural uncertainty,” Journal of Structural Geology, 95, 2017, 32-47, 16 pages. [cited by applicant]
Traugott, “Pore/fracture pressure determinations in deep water,” Deepwater Technology, Supplement to World Oil, 218(8), 1997, 8 pages. [cited by applicant]
Trieb et al., “Concentrating solar power for seawater desalination in the Middle East and North Africa,” Desalination, Presented at the conference on Desalination and the Environment. Sponsored by the European Desalinat… [cited by applicant]
Unger, “Detangling geologic imprints on depth uncertainty: A method for analysing overburden effects on depth prediction” The Leading Edge, May 2010, 552-558, 6 pages. [cited by applicant]
Unser, “Sampling—50 Years After Shannon” Proceedings of the IEEE, 88, Apr. 2000, 569-587, 19 pages. [cited by applicant]
Wang et al., “Optimal well placement under uncertainty using a retrospective optimization framework,” SPE Journal, Mar. 2012, 112-121, 10 pages. [cited by applicant]
Wellmann & Caumon, “3-D Structural Geological Models: Concepts, Methods, and Uncertainties” Advances in Geophysics, v. 59, Aug. 2019, 95 pages. [cited by applicant]
Wellmann et al., “Validating 3-D structural models with geological knowledge for improved uncertainty evaluations,” Energy Procedia, 59, 2014, 374-381, 8 pages. [cited by applicant]
Wendebourg et al., “Hydrodynamics and hydrocarbon trapping: Concepts, pitfalls and insights from case studies,” Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2018, 96:190-201, 12 pages. [cited by applicant]
Worthington, “Net Pay—What Is It? What Does It Do? How Do We Quantify It? How Do We Use It?,” SPE Res Eval & Eng, Oct. 2010, 13 (05): 812-822, 11 pages. [cited by applicant]
Yan et al., “Measurement and modeling of CO2 solubility in NaCl brine and CO2-saturated NaCl brine density,” International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, Nov. 2011, 5(6): 1460-1477, 18 pages. [cited by applicant]
Yang et al., “Equation for defining hydrodynamic oil-water contact surface and an alternative approach, “structure surface transformation” for mapping hydrodynamic traps,” Marine and Petroleum Geology, 78:701-711, 11 pa… [cited by applicant]
Yardley and Swarbrick, “Lateral transfer: a source of additional overpressure?” Marine and Petroleum Geology, Apr. 1, 2000, 17(4):523-537, 15 pages. [cited by applicant]
Zhang et al., “Real-time pore pressure detection: indicators and improved methods.” Geofluids, Jan. 2017, 12 pages. [cited by applicant]
Zhang, “Effective stress, porosity, velocity and abnormal pore pressure prediction accounting for compaction disequilibrium and unloading,” Marine and Petroleum Geology, Aug. 2013, 45:2-11, 10 pages. [cited by applicant]
Zhang, “Pore pressure prediction from well logs: Methods, modifications, and new approaches.” Earth-Science Reviews 108.1-2, Sep. 2011, 33 pages. [cited by applicant]
Zulauf, et al., “Quantification of the geometrical parameters of non-cylindrical folds” Journal of Structural Geology, 100, Jun. 2017, 120-129, 10 pages. [cited by applicant]