Method of examining a sample in an atomic force microscope using attractive tip-to-sample interaction
A method of examining a sample in an atomic force microscope including at least one probe, each probe including at least one cantilever and at least one tip includes carrying out a negative setpoint setting procedure, wherein the negative setpoint S CD is set as a negative real number, an approaching procedure including: above at least one point of the sample, performing an approach including reducing the tip-to-sample distance and recording cantilever deflection as a function of the tip-to-sample distance, while applying the standard sign convention with cantilever deflection considered negative for attractive forces and positive for repulsive forces, until at least one of critical criteria is achieved, and pausing or stopping of the approach after performing the approaching procedures.
1. A method of examining a sample in an atomic force microscope including at least one probe, each probe including at least one cantilever and at least one tip, comprising
carrying out the following sequence of procedures:
a negative setpoint S CD setting procedure (a), wherein the negative setpoint S CD is set as a negative real number;
an approaching procedure (b) comprising: above at least one point of the sample, performing an approach comprising reducing the tip-to-sample distance D and recording cantilever deflection CD as a function of the tip-to-sample distance D, while applying the standard sign convention with cantilever deflection CD considered negative for attractive forces and positive for repulsive forces, until at least one of critical criteria is achieved, the critical criteria consisting of or comprising:
a first critical criterium (b1): the cantilever deflection CD reaches the value substantially equal to the negative setpoint S CD , i.e. CD≅S CD :
a second critical criterium (b2): the cantilever deflection CD reaches the value substantially equal to the negative setpoint S CD divided by two and then the derivative of cantilever deflection in time reaches the value substantially equal to zero, i.e. CD≅S CD /2 is reached and then
∂
CD
∂
t
≅
0
is reached;
a third critical criterium (b3): the cantilever deflection CD reaches the value substantially equal to the negative setpoint S CD divided by two and then the cantilever deflection CD reaches the value substantially equal to zero, i.e. CD≅S CD /2 is reached and then CD≅0 is reached;
a fourth critical criterium (b4): the cantilever deflection CD reaches the value substantially equal to minus negative setpoint S CD , i.e. CD≅−S CD , and
pausing or stopping of the approach after performing the approaching procedure.
2. A method of claim 1 , wherein negative setpoint S CD setting procedure (a) comprises the following steps:
a first step (a1) comprising: placing the tip above at least one point of the sample by moving the sample and/or the tip, changing the tip-to-sample distance D and measuring at least one curve of dependency of cantilever deflection CD on the tip-to-sample distance D wherein each curve includes an approach part, the approach part being a part of the curve recorded while reducing the tip-to-sample distance D;
a second step (a2) comprising: for each of the curves measured in the first step (a1) finding the value of the cantilever deflection CDmin at absolute minimum of the approach part of the curve, and calculating average value CDmin A of cantilever deflections CDmin at absolute minimums of the approach parts of the curves across all the curves measured in the first step (a1);
a third step (a3) comprising: determining negative setpoint S CD as said average value CDmin A of cantilever deflections at absolute minimums of the approach parts of the curves measured in the first step (a1), plus z, i.e. S CD =CDmin A +z, wherein z is a real number such that z≥0 and z<−CDmin A .
3. The method of claim 1 , comprising setting confirmation time t s by operator or by microscope software and further comprising confirmation and tip-to-sample distance D extending procedure (c) including:
if the confirmation time t s =0 and if during the last execution of the approaching procedure (b) the first critical criterium (b1) was achieved, recording the tip-to-sample distance D and then extending the tip-to-sample distance D;
if the confirmation time t s =0 and if during the last execution of the approaching procedure (b) other critical criterium than the first critical criterium (b1) was achieved, extending the tip-to-sample distance D;
if the confirmation time t s >0 and if during the last execution of the approaching procedure (b) the second critical criterium (b2) was achieved, keeping the tip-to-sample distance D substantially constant during the confirmation time t s , and then extending the tip-to-sample distance D;
if the confirmation time t s >0 and if during the last execution of the approaching procedure (b) other critical criterium than the second critical criterium (b2) was achieved, varying the tip-to-sample distance D during the confirmation time t s in order to hold the cantilever deflection CD equal to the corresponding critical criterium, i.e. CD≅S CD when the first critical criterium (b1) was achieved, CD≅0 when the third critical criterium (b3) was achieved, and CD≅−S CD when the fourth critical criterium (b4) was achieved, and then extending the tip-to sample distance D.
4. The method of claim 2 , wherein in the first step (a1) at least two curves of dependency of cantilever deflection CD on the tip-to-sample distance D are measured above at least one point of the sample and standard deviation σ CD of cantilever deflections CDmin at absolute minimums of the approach parts of the curves is calculated.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein if σ CD >−CDmin A /6 then z in the third step (a3) is determined as z=−CDmin A /2.
6. The method of claim 4 , wherein if σ CD ≤−CDmin A /6 then z in the third step (a3) is determined as z=3σ CD .
7. The method of claim 3 , wherein the sequence of the approaching procedure (b) and of the confirmation and tip-to-sample distance extending procedure (c) is performed repeatedly.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the sample is attached to a sample stage with a planar top surface the method including relative scanning movement of the probe and of the sample surface, wherein said relative scanning movement is realized by moving the probe in a plane substantially parallel to the sample stage top surface and/or by moving the sample stage in a plane substantially parallel to the sample stage top surface.
9. The method of claim 7 , wherein while repeating the approaching procedure (b) and the confirmation and tip-to-sample distance extending procedure (c), a quasiperiodic alternation of reducing and extending tip-to-sample distance D is set with frequency f satisfying conditions f=(0.001−0.9)×f res or f>1.1×f res , wherein f res is the resonance frequency of the cantilever.
10. The method according to claim 9 , wherein the frequency f falls in the range of 0.1 kHz to 10 kHz.
11. The method of claim 8 , including creating a constant attractive force map containing the topographical information about the sample for a plurality of points of the sample for which the first critical criterium (b1) is achieved, wherein creating the constant attractive force map includes recording ( 32 ) coordinates of constant attractive force map points in 3D space, the coordinates of each constant attractive force map point comprising:
two relative planar coordinates describing the position of the point of the sample, for which the first critical criterium (b1) was achieved, with respect to the position of the tip, in a plane substantially parallel to the top surface of the sample stage, and
one space coordinate, wherein the space coordinate corresponds to the tip-to-sample distance D for which the first critical criterium (b1) was achieved for that point of the sample.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein for a point of the sample where the approach was stopped or paused in the approaching procedure (b) by other critical criterium than the first critical criterium (b1), after completing the confirmation and tip-to-sample distance extending procedure (c), the scanning is paused and the approaching procedure (b) is repeated once again above the same point of the sample, while if the approach during this second repetition of approaching procedure (b) is stopped by the first critical criterium (b1), coordinates of a constant attractive force map point are recorded, and then the confirmation and tip-to-sample distance extending procedure (c) is carried out and the scanning resumes.
13. The method of claim 8 , wherein for confirmation time t s >0 parameter d FA is defined by operator or by microscope software and wherein for a point of the sample where the tip-to-sample distance D was reduced during the confirmation time t s by more than d FA , after completing the confirmation and tip-to-sample distance extending procedure (c), the scanning is paused and the sequence of the approaching procedure (b) and of the confirmation and tip-to-sample distance extending procedure (c) is repeated once again above the same point of the sample, and then the scanning resumes.
14. The method of claim 11 , wherein for confirmation time t s >0 parameter d FA is defined by operator or by microscope software and wherein for a point of the sample where the tip-to-sample distance D was reduced during the confirmation time t s by less than d FA , and the first criterium (b1) was achieved in the approaching procedure (b), the coordinates of the attractive force map point are updated.
15. The method of claim 2 , wherein the probe exchange is performed after the first step (a1) of the negative setpoint S CD setting procedure (a) and before the first execution of the approaching procedure (b).