Measurement of glucose near an insulin delivery catheter by minimizing the adverse effects of insulin preservatives: alternative ligands and redox mediator metals
A device for delivery of an insulin or insulin analog formulation and measurement of subcutaneous glucose concentration may comprise a hollow tube, and an amperometric glucose sensor located proximal to a distal end of the hollow tube. The amperometric glucose sensor may comprise a redox mediator and an enzyme comprising glucose oxidase or glucose dehydrogenase. An applied bias potential may allow an electrode layer of the amperometric glucose sensor to undergo substantially no electropolymerization of an excipient of the insulin or insulin analog formulation during continuous operation of amperometric glucose sensor. A sensitivity of the amperometric glucose sensor to the subcutaneous glucose concentration may be maintained in presence of the insulin or insulin analog formulation.
1 . A device for delivery of an insulin or insulin analog formulation and measurement of subcutaneous glucose concentration, comprising:
a hollow tube comprising a proximal end and a distal end, wherein the proximal end is in fluid communication with a source of the insulin or insulin analog formulation, wherein the distal end is configured to deliver the insulin or insulin analog formulation subcutaneously, wherein the insulin or insulin analog formulation comprises an excipient comprising a phenol or cresol; and
an amperometric glucose sensor located no more than a pre-determined distance away from the distal end, wherein the amperometric glucose sensor comprises:
an electrode layer comprising at least one indicating electrode, wherein the electrode layer underlies a redox-catalytic layer comprising:
(1) a redox mediator comprising a metal compound covalently bound to a pyridine-based or imidazole-based ligand, wherein the metal compound comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of: ruthenium, palladium, platinum, rhodium, iridium, cobalt, iron, and copper, and
(2) an enzyme comprising glucose oxidase or glucose dehydrogenase;
wherein the redox mediator and the enzyme allow electron transfer from subcutaneous glucose to the at least one indicating electrode sufficient to cause a response of the amperometric glucose sensor to a subcutaneous glucose concentration at an applied bias potential of no more than +250 millivolts (mV) relative to a reference electrode;
wherein the applied bias potential of no more than +250 mV relative to the reference electrode allows the electrode layer to undergo substantially no electropolymerization of the excipient during continuous operation of at least one hour of the amperometric glucose sensor, thereby maintaining a sensitivity of the amperometric glucose sensor to the subcutaneous glucose concentration in a presence of the insulin or insulin analog formulation.
2 . The device of claim 1 , further comprising a housing comprising an upper accessible surface and a lower surface configured to be adhered to a skin surface.
3 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the amperometric glucose sensor is disposed on a second hollow tube comprising a second distal end, wherein the second distal end is configured to be inserted subcutaneously.
4 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the ligand is 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine.
5 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the redox mediator is bound to poly (4-vinyl pyridine) or poly (1-vinyl imidazole).
6 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the pre-determined distance is about 15 millimeters (mm), 14 mm, 13 mm, 12 mm, 10 mm, 10 mm, 9 mm, 8 mm, 7 mm, 6 mm, 5 mm, 4 mm, 3 mm, 2 mm, or 1 mm.
7 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the amperometric sensor further comprises an insulating layer and a metal layer, wherein the insulating layer is coupled to the metal layer, and wherein the metal layer is coupled to the electrode layer.
8 . The device of claim 7 , wherein the insulating layer comprises a polyimide or liquid crystal polymer.
9 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the applied bias potential is no more than about +200 mV, +150 mV, +100 mV, or +50 mV relative to the reference electrode.
10 . The device of claim 9 , wherein the applied bias potential of no more than about +200 mV, +150 mV, +100 mV, or +50 mV relative to the reference electrode allows the electrode layer to undergo substantially no electropolymerization of the excipient during continuous operation of at least one hour of the amperometric glucose sensor.
11 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the ligand comprises a heterocyclic nitrogen compound, a pyridine ring combined with an imidazole ring, a non-nitrogen element substituted into a heterocycle ring, or an accessory “R” group bound to a heterocyclic ring.
12 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the metal compound comprises ruthenium.
13 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the metal compound comprises palladium.
14 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the metal compound comprises platinum.
15 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the metal compound comprises rhodium.
16 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the metal compound comprises iridium.
17 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the metal compound comprises cobalt.
18 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the metal compound comprises iron.
19 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the metal compound comprises copper.
20 . A method for delivering an insulin or insulin analog formulation and measuring a subcutaneous glucose concentration, comprising:
(a) obtaining a device for delivery of an insulin or insulin analog formulation and measurement of subcutaneous glucose concentration, wherein the device comprises:
(i) a hollow tube comprising a proximal end and a distal end, wherein the proximal end is in fluid communication with a source of the insulin or insulin analog formulation, wherein the distal end is configured to deliver the insulin or insulin analog formulation subcutaneously, wherein the insulin or insulin analog formulation comprises an excipient comprising a phenol or cresol; and
(ii) an amperometric glucose sensor located no more than a pre-determined distance away from the distal end, wherein the amperometric glucose sensor comprises:
an electrode layer comprising at least one indicating electrode, wherein the electrode layer underlies a redox-catalytic layer comprising:
(1) a redox mediator comprising a metal compound covalently bound to a pyridine-based or imidazole-based ligand, wherein the metal compound comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of: ruthenium, palladium, platinum, rhodium, iridium, cobalt, iron, and copper, and
(2) an enzyme comprising glucose oxidase or glucose dehydrogenase;
(b) connecting the proximal end of the hollow tube to the source of the insulin or insulin analog formulation;
(c) performing subcutaneous insertion of the distal end of the hollow tube into a subject; and
(d) simultaneously (1) delivering the insulin or insulin analog formulation subcutaneously to the subject and (2) measuring a subcutaneous glucose concentration of the subject,
wherein the measuring comprises applying a bias potential of no more than +250 millivolts (mV) relative to a reference electrode, wherein the redox mediator and the enzyme allow electron transfer from subcutaneous glucose to the at least one indicating electrode sufficient to cause a response of the amperometric glucose sensor to the subcutaneous glucose concentration at the applied bias potential;
wherein the applied bias potential of no more than +250 mV relative to the reference electrode allows the electrode layer to undergo substantially no electropolymerization of the excipient during continuous operation of at least one hour of the amperometric glucose sensor, thereby maintaining a sensitivity of the amperometric glucose sensor to the subcutaneous glucose concentration in a presence of the insulin or insulin analog formulation.
21 . The method of claim 20 , wherein the device further comprises a housing comprising an upper accessible surface and a lower surface, and wherein the method further comprises adhering the lower surface to a skin surface of the subject.
22 . The method of claim 20 , wherein the amperometric glucose sensor is disposed on a second hollow tube comprising a second distal end, wherein the second distal end is configured to be inserted subcutaneously.
23 . The method of claim 20 , wherein the ligand is 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine.
24 . The method of claim 20 , wherein the redox mediator is bound to poly (4-vinyl pyridine) or poly (1-vinyl imidazole).
25 . The method of claim 20 , wherein the pre-determined distance is about 15 millimeters (mm), 14 mm, 13 mm, 12 mm, 10 mm, 10 mm, 9 mm, 8 mm, 7 mm, 6 mm, 5 mm, 4 mm, 3 mm, 2 mm, or 1 mm.
26 . The method of claim 20 , wherein the amperometric sensor further comprises an insulating layer and a metal layer, wherein the insulating layer is coupled to the metal layer, and wherein the metal layer is coupled to the electrode layer.
27 . The method of claim 26 , wherein the insulating layer comprises a polyimide or liquid crystal polymer.
28 . The method of claim 20 , wherein the bias potential is no more than about +200 mV, +150 mV, +100 mV, or +50 mV relative to the reference electrode.
29 . The method of claim 20 , wherein the ligand comprises a heterocyclic nitrogen compound, a pyridine ring combined with an imidazole ring, a non-nitrogen element substituted into a heterocycle ring, or an accessory “R” group bound to a heterocyclic ring.
30 . The method of claim 20 , wherein the metal compound comprises ruthenium.
31 . The method of claim 20 , wherein the metal compound comprises palladium.
32 . The method of claim 20 , wherein the metal compound comprises platinum.
33 . The method of claim 20 , wherein the metal compound comprises rhodium.
34 . The method of claim 20 , wherein the metal compound comprises iridium.
35 . The method of claim 20 , wherein the metal compound comprises cobalt.
36 . The method of claim 20 , wherein the metal compound comprises iron.
37 . The method of claim 20 , wherein the metal compound comprises copper.