Light emitting device with electron auxiliary layer including metal oxide nanoparticles, and method of manufacturing the light emitting device, and display device
Light emitting device, method of manufacturing the light emitting device, and display device including the light emitting device are disclosed. The light emitting device includes a first electrode and a second electrode each having a surface opposite the other, a light emitting layer including quantum dots that is disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, and an electron auxiliary layer disposed between the light emitting layer and the second electrode, wherein the electron auxiliary layer includes metal oxide nanoparticles including an anion of an organic acid bound to a surface of the metal oxide nanoparticle.
1. A light emitting device, comprising
a first electrode and a second electrode, each having a surface opposite the other,
a light emitting layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the light emitting layer comprises quantum dots, and
an electron auxiliary layer disposed between the light emitting layer and the second electrode,
wherein the electron auxiliary layer comprises metal oxide nanoparticles including an anion of an organic acid bound to a surface of the metal oxide nanoparticle,
wherein the anion of the organic acid comprises an anion of RCOOH, RSO 2 H, RSO 3 H, ArOH, ArSH, RCH═NOH, RCH═C(OH) R′, RCONHCOR′, ArSO 2 NH 2 , ArSO 2 NHR, RCH 2 NO 2 , or R 2 CHNO 2 , wherein R and R′ are the same or different and are independently a hydrogen, a substituted C1 to C24 aliphatic hydrocarbon group, a C3 to C40 alicyclic hydrocarbon group, or a combination thereof wherein at least one R is not hydrogen, Ar is a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C20 aromatic hydrocarbon group, or a combination thereof,
wherein the anion of the organic acid is present on a surface of the metal oxide nanoparticles in an amount of about 0.001 weight percent to about 10 weight percent based on a total weight of the metal oxide nanoparticles in the electron auxiliary layer.
2. The light emitting device of claim 1 , wherein the anion of the organic acid is chemically bonded with a metal ion at a surface of the metal oxide nanoparticles, or provides a bonded product of the metal ion and oxygen or a hydroxyl group, or a combination thereof.
3. The light emitting device of claim 1 , wherein the anion of RCOOH comprises citrate ion, acetate ion, oxalate ion, or a combination thereof.
4. The light emitting device of claim 1 , wherein the electron auxiliary layer has a mole ratio of carbon atoms to all metal atoms of the metal oxide nanoparticles of less than or equal to about 1.3:1.
5. The light emitting device of claim 1 , wherein a content of a basic material in the metal oxide nanoparticles is less than or equal to about 2 weight percent based on a total weight of the metal oxide nanoparticles in the electron auxiliary layer.
6. The light emitting device of claim 5 , wherein the basic material is present, and comprises tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, or a combination thereof.
7. The light emitting device of claim 1 , wherein the electron auxiliary layer has an electrical conductivity of greater than about 6.5×10 −8 siemens per centimeter.
8. The light emitting device of claim 1 , wherein the metal oxide comprises Zn, Mg, Ca, Zr, W, Li, Ti, Y, Al, or a combination thereof.
9. The light emitting device of claim 1 , wherein the metal oxide is represented by Chemical Formula 1:
Zn 1-x M x O Chemical Formula 1
wherein, in Chemical Formula 1,
M is Mg, Ca, Zr, W, Li, Ti, Y, Al, or a combination thereof, and 0≤x≤0.5.
10. The light emitting device of claim 1 , wherein the metal oxide comprises zinc oxide, zinc magnesium oxide, or a combination thereof.
11. The light emitting device of claim 1 , wherein the metal oxide nanoparticles have an average particle size of greater than or equal to about 1 nanometer and less than or equal to about 100 nanometer.
12. The light emitting device of claim 1 , wherein the light emitting device further comprises a hole auxiliary layer including a hole injecting layer, a hole transporting layer, an electron blocking layer, or a combination thereof, disposed between the first electrode and the light emitting layer.
13. The light emitting device of claim 1 , wherein the light emitting device has a maximum external quantum efficiency of greater than or equal to about 10%, and a luminance of greater than or equal to about 50,000 nit.
14. A method of manufacturing a light emitting device of claim 1 , comprising
forming the electron auxiliary layer including the metal oxide nanoparticles; and
contacting the electron auxiliary layer with an organic acid or a solution including the organic acid to provide the anion of the organic acid bound to the surface of the metal oxide nanoparticle.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the contacting of the electron auxiliary layer with the organic acid or the solution including the organic acid comprises coating the electron auxiliary layer with the organic acid or the solution including the organic acid, wherein the coating comprises spin coating, bar coating, spray coating, slit coating, ink jet printing, nozzle printing, spraying, or doctor blade coating, or
dipping the electron auxiliary layer in the organic acid or in the solution including the organic acid.
16. A display device comprising the light emitting device of claim 1 .
17. The light emitting device of claim 9 , wherein in the metal oxide of Chemical Formula 1
M is Mg, and
0<x≤0.5.
18. The light emitting device of claim 1 , wherein R is a substituted C1 to C24 aliphatic hydrocarbon group substituted with a C1 to C30 alkyl group, a C2 to C30 alkynyl group, a C6 to C30 aryl group, a C7 to C30 alkylaryl group, a C1 to C30 alkoxy group, a C1 to C30 heteroalkyl group, a C3 to C30 heteroalkylaryl group, a C3 to C30 cycloalkyl group, a C3 to C15 cycloalkenyl group, a C6 to C30 cycloalkynyl group, a C2 to C30 heterocycloalkyl group, a halogen (—F, —C1, —Br, or —I), a hydroxy group (—OH), a nitro group (—NO 2 ), a cyano group (—CN), an amino group, an azido group (—N 3 ), an amidino group (—C(═NH) NH 2 )), a hydrazino group (—NHNH 2 ), a hydrazono group (═N(NH 2 )), an aldehyde group (—C(═O)H), a carbamoyl group (—C(O)NH 2 ), a thiol group (—SH), an ester group, a carboxyl group (—COOH) or a salt thereof (—C(═O) OM, wherein M is an organic or inorganic cation), a sulfonic acid group (—SO 3 H) or a salt thereof (—SO 3 M, wherein M is an organic or inorganic cation), a phosphoric acid group (—PO 3 H 2 ) or a salt thereof (—PO 3 MH or —PO 3 M 2 , wherein M is an organic or inorganic cation), or a combination thereof.
19. The light emitting device of claim 1 , wherein in the metal oxide of Chemical Formula 1
M is Mg, and
0<x≤0.5, and
wherein R is a substituted C1 to C24 aliphatic hydrocarbon group substituted with a C1 to C30 alkyl group, a C2 to C30 alkynyl group, a C6 to C30 aryl group, a C7 to C30 alkylaryl group, a C1 to C30 alkoxy group, a C1 to C30 heteroalkyl group, a C3 to C30 heteroalkylaryl group, a C3 to C30 cycloalkyl group, a C3 to C15 cycloalkenyl group, a C6 to C30 cycloalkynyl group, a C2 to C30 heterocycloalkyl group, a halogen (—F, —C1, —Br, or —I), a hydroxy group (—OH), a nitro group (—NO 2 ), a cyano group (—CN), an amino group, an azido group (—N 3 ), an amidino group (—C(═NH) NH 2 )), a hydrazino group (—NHNH 2 ), a hydrazono group (═N(NH 2 )), an aldehyde group (—C(═O)H), a carbamoyl group (—C(O)NH 2 ), a thiol group (—SH), an ester group, a carboxyl group (—COOH) or a salt thereof (—C(═O) OM,
wherein M is an organic or inorganic cation), a sulfonic acid group (—SO 3 H) or a salt thereof (—SO 3 M, wherein M is an organic or inorganic cation), a phosphoric acid group (—PO 3 H 2 ) or a salt thereof (—PO 3 MH or —PO 3 M 2 , wherein M is an organic or inorganic cation), or a combination thereof.
20. A light emitting device, comprising
a first electrode and a second electrode, each having a surface opposite the other,
a light emitting layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the light emitting layer comprises quantum dots, and
an electron auxiliary layer disposed between the light emitting layer and the second electrode,
wherein the electron auxiliary layer comprises metal oxide nanoparticles including an anion of an organic acid bound to a surface of the metal oxide nanoparticle,
wherein the anion of the organic acid comprises an anion of RCOOH, RSO 2 H, RSO 3 H, ArOH, ArSH, RCH═NOH, RCH═C(OH) R′, RCONHCOR′, ArSO 2 NH 2 , ArSO 2 NHR, RCH 2 NO 2 , or R 2 CHNO 2 , wherein R and R′ are the same or different and are independently a hydrogen, a substituted C1 to C24 aliphatic hydrocarbon group, a C3 to C40 alicyclic hydrocarbon group, or a combination thereof, wherein at least one R is not hydrogen, Ar is a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C20 aromatic hydrocarbon group, or a combination thereof,
wherein the metal oxide is represented by Chemical Formula 1:
Zn 1-x M x O Chemical Formula 1
wherein, in Chemical Formula 1,
M is Mg, Ca, Zr, W, Li, Ti, Y, Al, or a combination thereof, and
0≤x≤0.5,
wherein the electron auxiliary layer has an electrical conductivity of greater than about 6.5×10 −8 siemens per centimeter.