Superconducting traveling-wave parametric amplifier
A system and method are disclosed for a superconducting traveling-wave parametric amplifier (TWPA) with improved control and performance. In a preferred embodiment, the amplifier comprises an integrated array of symmetric rf-SQUIDs in a transmission line structure. A device was fabricated using niobium superconducting integrated circuits, and confirmed predicted performance, with a maximum gain up to 17 dB and a bandwidth of 4 GHz. A similar device can be applied as a low-noise, low-dissipation microwave amplifier for output from a superconducting quantum computer, or as a preamplifier, switch, or frequency converter for a sensitive microwave receiver, or as an output amplifier for a frequency-multiplexed superconducting detector array.
1 . A microwave amplifier system, comprising:
an input port configured to receive a microwave signal;
a plurality of microwave amplifiers in series being connected to receive the microwave signal, each microwave amplifier comprising at least one active element, a shunt capacitor, and a serial inductor, having an inductance which is a nonlinear function of a total signal in the serial inductor;
a control port, configured to receive a signal which modulates the total signal in at least one serial inductor; and
an output port, configured to present an amplified representation of the received microwave signal from the plurality of microwave amplifiers in series,
wherein each microwave amplifier comprises a pair of shunted Josephson junctions forming a central loop, and an independent inductive loop for each Josephson junction, each independent inductive loop being inductively coupled to a control line, an input to the microwave amplifier being formed in the central loop between the pair of shunted Josephson junctions on a first side, and an output from the microwave amplifier being formed in the central loop between the pair of shunted Josephson junctions on a second side, having a shunt capacitor on the second side.
2 . The microwave amplifier system according to claim 1 , wherein the microwave amplifier has a characteristic impedance of 50 Ohms.
3 . The microwave amplifier system according to claim 1 , wherein microwave amplifier comprises a symmetric rf-SQUID.
4 . The microwave amplifier system according to claim 1 , wherein the microwave amplifier has a nominal effective inductance of L˜10 pH and a capacitance of C˜4 fF.
5 . The microwave amplifier system according to claim 1 , wherein the control port is configured to receive at least two signals, which each control a different nonlinearity order of a respective microwave amplifier.
6 . The microwave amplifier according to claim 1 , wherein the plurality of microwave amplifiers comprise at least 100 microwave amplifiers.
7 . The microwave amplifier according to claim 1 , having a power gain of at least 12 dB.
8 . The microwave amplifier according to claim 1 , wherein the plurality of microwave amplifier stages produce a frequency-shifted replica of the microwave input signal at a frequency 2f p −f s , where f p is a frequency of a pump signal received at the control port outside a bandwidth of the microwave signal, and f s is a component of the microwave signal.
9 . A method of amplifying a microwave signal, comprising:
receiving a microwave signal;
receiving a control input;
processing the microwave signal with a plurality of microwave amplifiers in series, each microwave amplifier comprising a tunable microwave stage, comprising:
a signal input configured to receive the microwave signal;
an amplifier comprising a radio frequency superconducting quantum interference device (rf-SQUID) comprising a pair of shunted Josephson junctions, each Josephson junction having an associated inductive loop, wherein an effective inductance of the inductive loop is dependent on a total signal in the inductive loop dependent on an input to the rf-SQUID and the control signal inductively coupled to the inductive loop;
a shunt capacitor at an output of the rf-SQUID; and
an output configured to present an amplified representation of the microwave signal from the tunable microwave stage;
modulating the total signal in at least one inductive loop with the received control signal; and
outputting an amplified representation of the received microwave signal from the plurality of tunable microwave stages in series.
10 . The method according to claim 9 , wherein the control signal is a modulated signal having a bandwidth outside a bandwidth of the microwave signal.
11 . The method according to claim 9 , further comprising:
analyzing a distortion of the plurality of microwave amplifiers in series; and
tuning nonlinearities of the plurality of microwave amplifiers in series using the control signal, dependent on at least the analyzed distortion.
12 . A tunable microwave device, comprising:
a signal input configured to receive a microwave signal;
a control input;
an amplifier comprising a radio frequency superconducting quantum interference device (rf-SQUID) comprising a pair of shunted Josephson junctions, each Josephson junction having an associated inductive loop, wherein an effective inductance of the inductive loop is dependent on a total signal in the inductive loop dependent on an input to the rf-SQUID and the control signal inductively coupled to the inductive loop;
a shunt capacitor at an output of the rf-SQUID; and
an output configured to present an amplified representation of the microwave signal.
13 . The tunable microwave device according to claim 12 , wherein the amplifier has at least two control inputs, which each control a different nonlinearity order of the amplifier.
14 . The tunable microwave device according to claim 12 , wherein the rf-SQUID comprises a symmetric rf-SQUID.
15 . The tunable microwave device according to claim 12 , wherein the rf-SQUID is shunted with a parasitic inductance L p , and each associated inductive loop is coupled to a current in a respective control line.
16 . The tunable microwave device according to claim 15 , wherein the respective control line associated with each associated inductive loop is coupled through a mutual inductance M to the magnetic flux Φ of each associated inductive loop.
17 . The tunable microwave device according to claim 16 , wherein the mutual inductance M of each associated inductive loop is negligibly coupled to a loop formed between the pair of shunted Josephson junctions.
18 . The tunable microwave device according to claim 12 , further comprising a second tunable microwave device, comprising:
a second signal input configured to receive the output;
a second control input;
a second amplifier comprising a radio second frequency superconducting quantum interference device (rf-SQUID) comprising a second pair of shunted Josephson junctions;
a second shunt capacitor at an output of the rf-SQUID; and
a second output,
the signal input being formed in a central loop between the pair of shunted Josephson junctions on a first side, and an output being formed in the central loop between the pair of shunted Josephson junctions on a second side, having the shunt capacitor on the second side.
19 . The tunable microwave device according to claim 12 , wherein the control input is configured to receive at least two signals, each of which control a respectively different nonlinearity order of the tunable microwave device.