Palladium/palladium oxide/calcium silicate/graphitic carbon nitride nanocomposite material
A Pd@PdO/CaSiO 3 @g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposite material includes spherical metal oxide nanoparticles, including a palladium@palladium oxide (Pd@PdO) phase and a calcium silicate (CaSiO 3 ) phase dispersed on a matrix of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 ) nanosheets. The spherical metal oxide nanoparticles have an average particle diameter in a range from 25 to 250 nanometers (nm). The Pd@PdO/CaSiO 3 @g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposite material has a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of at least 45 square meters per gram (m 2 ·g −1 ). A method of preparing the nanocomposite material includes forming CaSiO 3 , g-C 3 N 4 , and Pd@PdO intermediates and combining in a microwave reaction to form the Pd@PdO/CaSiO 3 @g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposite material.
1 . A Pd@PdO/CaSiO 3 @g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposite material, including:
spherical metal oxide nanoparticles including a palladium@palladium oxide (Pd@PdO) phase and a calcium silicate (CaSiO 3 ) phase dispersed on a matrix of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 ) nanosheets,
wherein the spherical metal oxide nanoparticles have an average particle diameter in a range from 25 to 250 nanometers (nm), and
wherein the Pd@PdO/CaSiO 3 @g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposite material has a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of at least 45 square meters per gram (m 2 ·g −1 ).
2 . The Pd@PdO/CaSiO 3 @g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposite material of claim 1 , wherein the Pd@PdO/CaSiO 3 @g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposite material has a BET surface area of at least 50 m 2 ·g −1 .
3 . The Pd@PdO/CaSiO 3 @g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposite material of claim 2 , wherein the Pd@PdO/CaSiO 3 @g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposite material has a BET surface area of at least 55 m 2 ·g −1 .
4 . The Pd@PdO/CaSiO 3 @g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposite material of claim 1 , wherein the Pd@PdO/CaSiO 3 @g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposite material has a pore volume of at least 0.10 cubic centimeters per gram (cm 3 ·g −1 ).
5 . The Pd@PdO/CaSiO 3 @g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposite material of claim 4 , wherein the Pd@PdO/CaSiO 3 @g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposite material has a pore volume of at least 0.15 cm 3 ·g −1 .
6 . The Pd@PdO/CaSiO 3 @g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposite material of claim 5 , wherein the Pd@PdO/CaSiO 3 @g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposite material has a pore volume of at least 0.2 cm 3 ·g −1 .
7 . The Pd@PdO/CaSiO 3 @g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposite material of claim 1 , wherein the Pd@PdO/CaSiO 3 @g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposite material has an average pore diameter of 16.39 nm.
8 . The Pd@PdO/CaSiO 3 @g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposite material of claim 1 , wherein the spherical metal oxide nanoparticles have an average particle diameter in a range from 50 to 150 nm.
9 . The Pd@PdO/CaSiO 3 @g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposite material of claim 8 , wherein the Pd@PdO/CaSiO 3 @g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposite material has a mass ratio of the Pd@PdO:CaSiO 3 :g-C 3 N 4 phases in a range from 0.1-15:0.1-15:0.1-15.
10 . A method for making the Pd@PdO/CaSiO 3 @g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposite material of claim 1 , including:
autoclaving a solution including calcium nitrate (Ca(NO 3 ) 2 ), sodium metasilicate (Na 2 SiO 3 ), and ethanol (C 2 H 5 OH) at a temperature from 150 to 210 degrees Celsius (° C.) for 1 to 3 hours (h) to form a first reaction mixture;
dispersing the first reaction mixture in distilled water, filtering, and rinsing with distilled water to form CaSiO 3 ;
drying the CaSiO 3 ; at 100 to 140° C. for 1 to 2 h to form a dried CaSiO 3 ;
heating urea in a crucible at a temperature from 500 to 700° C. for 0.5 to 2 h to form g-C 3 N 4 ;
heating a reactive solution comprising palladium chloride (PdCl 2 ), xylose, and nitric acid (HNO 3 ) at 100 to 140° C. for 2 to 4 h to form a Pd intermediate;
calcining the Pd intermediate at a 500 to 600° C. for 3 to 5 h to form Pd@PdO;
dispersing the dried CaSiO 3 , g-C 3 N 4 , and Pd@PdO in ethylene glycol monomethyl ether to form a second reaction mixture;
microwaving the second reaction mixture at 160 to 200° C. and 4 to 6 bar pressure for 0.5 to 2 h to form a first intermediate; and
dispersing the first intermediate in distilled water, filtering, rinsing with distilled water, and drying at 120 to 180° C. for 1 to 4 h to form the Pd@PdO/CaSiO 3 @g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposite material.
11 . The method of claim 10 , wherein the concentration of Ca(NO 3 ) 2 in the first reaction mixture is in a range from 0.1 to 10 g/L.
12 . The method of claim 10 , wherein the concentration of Na 2 SiO 3 in the first reaction mixture is in a range from 0.1 to 10 g/L.
13 . The method of claim 10 , wherein the concentration of ethanol in the first reaction mixture is in a range from 400 to 600 milliliters per litre (mL/L).
14 . The method of claim 10 , wherein the urea is heated in the crucible at a temperature of 600° C. for 45 minutes (min).
15 . The method of claim 10 , wherein the concentration of PdCl 2 in the reactive solution is in a range from 12 to 24 grams per litre (g/L).
16 . The method of claim 10 , wherein the concentration of xylose in the reactive solution is in a range from 35 to 55 g/L.
17 . The method of claim 10 , wherein the concentration of HNO 3 in the reactive solution is in a range from 80 to 100 mL/L.
18 . The method of claim 10 , wherein the palladium intermediate is calcined at 550° C. for 4 h to form Pd@PdO.
19 . The method of claim 10 , wherein the second reaction mixture is microwaved at 180° C. and 5 bar pressure.
20 . The method of claim 10 , wherein the second reaction mixture is microwaved for 1 h.