Magnetic MEMS sensors

1. A magnetic field sensor comprising:

a substrate having a surface;

a first magneto-impedence magnetic field detector positioned on the surface;

a second magneto-impedence magnetic field detector positioned on the surface proximate to the first magneto-impedence magnetic field detector; and

a third magnetic field detector positioned on the surface proximate to the first and second magneto-impedence magnetic field detectors, the third magnetic field detector being orthogonal to the surface of the substrate,

wherein each of the first, second and third magnetic field detector is capable of detecting external magnetic fields that are mutually orthogonal along three directions,

wherein the third magnetic field detector comprises pancake coils or a thin film magneto-electric magnetic field detector.

2. The magnetic field sensor according to claim 1 , wherein the third magnetic field detector is selected from the group consisting of a magneto-electric detector, a magneto-resistive detector, a magneto-impedence magnetic field detector, a magneto-strictive detector, a flux guided magneto-resistive detector, a giant magneto-resistive detector, a giant magneto-electric detector, a giant magneto-impedence magnetic field detector or a tunneling giant magneto-resistive detector.

3. The magnetic field sensor according to claim 1 , wherein the first and second magneto-impedence magnetic field detectors are oriented substantially orthogonal to each other.

4. The magnetic field sensor according to claim 3 , wherein the third magnetic field detector is oriented substantially orthogonal to each of the first and second magneto-impedence magnetic field detectors.

5. The magnetic field sensor according to claim 1 , further comprising at least one electronic circuit formed on or within the substrate, wherein the electronic circuit is communicably connected to at least one of the first and second magneto-impedence magnetic field detectors and the third magnetic field detector.

6. The magnetic field sensor according to claim 5 , wherein the electronic circuit includes at least one electronic circuit element selected from the group consisting of a via, an electrode, a power source, a pre-amplifier, a modulator, a demodulator, an oscillator, a filter, an analog to digital converter, a digital to analog converter, or a digital signal processor.

7. The magnetic field sensor according to claim 1 , wherein the substrate comprises one or more of the group consisting of polysilicon, single crystalline silicon, silicon-germanium, silicon carbide, silicon oxide, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitrite, metals, metal alloys, ceramics, or polymers.

8. The magnetic field sensor according to claim 1 , wherein the external magnetic field is the earth's magnetic field.

9. The magnetic field sensor according to claim 1 , wherein the first and second magneto-impedence magnetic field detectors are magneto-impedance sensors having helical coils.

10. A compass comprising:

a substrate having a first, second, third and fourth surface, wherein the first and second surface are substantially parallel and the third and fourth surface are each sloped relative to the first and second surface;

a first magnetic field detector positioned on the second surface;

a second magnetic field detector positioned on the third surface; and

a third magnetic field detector positioned on the fourth surface proximate to and substantially orthogonal to both the first and second magnetic field detectors,

wherein each of the first, second and third magnetic field detector is capable of detecting external magnetic fields that are mutually orthogonal along three directions.

11. The compass according to claim 10 , wherein the third magnetic field detector is selected from the group consisting of a magneto-electric detector, a magneto-resistive detector, a magneto-impedence magnetic field detector, a magneto-strictive detector, a flux guided magneto-resistive detector, a giant magneto-resistive detector, a giant magneto-electric detector, a giant magneto-impedence magnetic field detector or a tunneling giant magneto-resistive detector.

12. The compass according to claim 10 , wherein first, second and third magnetic field detectors are each a magneto-impedence magnetic field detector.

13. The compass according to claim 10 , wherein first, second and third magnetic field element are each a magneto-electric field element.

14. The compass according to claim 10 , further comprising at least one electronic circuit formed on or within the substrate, wherein the electronic circuit is communicably connected to at least one of the first and second magneto-impedence magnetic field detectors and the third magnetic field detector.

15. The compass according to claim 14 , wherein the electronic circuit includes at least one electronic circuit element selected from the group consisting of a via, an electrode, a power source, a pre-amplifier, a modulator, a demodulator, an oscillator, a filter, an analog to digital converter, a digital to analog converter, or a digital signal processor.

16. The compass according to claim 10 , wherein the substrate comprises one or more of the group consisting of polysilicon, single crystalline silicon, silicon-germanium, silicon carbide, silicon oxide, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitrite, metals, metal alloys, ceramics, or polymers.

17. The compass according to claim 10 , wherein the external magnetic field is the earth's magnetic field.

18. A three-dimensional compass comprising:

a base having a surface oriented relative to an external magnetic field;

a structure formed on the surface, wherein the structure comprises a plurality of side faces, wherein each side face defines an acute angle relative to line drawn normal to the surface, and wherein each side face converges to an apex defining a generally substantially planar plateau substantially parallel to the surface;

a first magneto-impedence magnetic field detector positioned on the plateau;

a second magneto-impedence magnetic field detector positioned on one of the side faces, wherein the second magneto-impedence magnetic field detector is positioned substantially orthogonal to the first magneto-impedence magnetic field detector; and

a third magnetic field detector positioned on one of the side faces not containing the second magneto-impendence magnetic field detector, wherein the third magnetic field detector is positioned substantially orthogonal to both the first and second magneto-impedence magnetic field detectors,

wherein each of the first, second and third magnetic field detector are capable of detecting external magnetic fields that are mutually orthogonal along three directions.

19. The three-dimensional compass according to claim 18 , wherein the third magnetic field detector is selected from the group consisting of a magneto-electric detector, a magneto-resistive detector, a magneto-impedence magnetic field detector, a magneto-strictive detector, a flux guided magneto-resistive detector, a giant magneto-resistive detector, a giant magneto-electric detector, a giant magneto-impedence magnetic field detector or a tunneling giant magneto-resistive detector.

20. The three-dimensional compass according to claim 18 , further comprising at least one electronic circuit formed on or within the substrate, wherein the electronic circuit is communicably connected to at least one of the first and second magneto-impedence magnetic field detectors and the third magnetic field detector.

21. The three-dimensional compass according to claim 20 , wherein the electronic circuit includes at least one electronic circuit element selected from the group consisting of a via, an electrode, a power source, a pre-amplifier, a modulator, a demodulator, an oscillator, a filter, an analog to digital converter, a digital to analog converter, or a digital signal processor.

22. The three-dimensional compass according to claim 18 , wherein the external magnetic field is the earth's magnetic field.