Online control of blowing agent content of polymer beads for making lost foam patterns
The invention involves the real-time, NIR-spectroscopic, closed-loop control of the blowing agent content of polymer beads used to make lost foam casting patterns.
1. In a method of making lost foam casting patterns from polymer beads having a first density and a first blowing agent content comprising:
(a) first heating said beads to pre-expand them into a batch of pre-expanded beads having a second density lower than said first density, and a second blowing agent content less than said first blowing agent content, but to too high for molding into dimensionally stable patterns;
(b) second heating the pre-expanded beads in a stream of a hot gas for a time sufficient to reduce the blowing agent content of the pre-expanded beads to within a prescribed range of blowing agent contents suitable for molding the beads into dimensionally stable patterns, said gas being selected from the group consisting of gases that are unreactive with said polymer and said blowing agent, and do not interfere with the quantitative spectroscopic analysis of said blowing agent in the presence of said polymer beads;
(c) charging a pattern-mold with beads having a blowing agent content within said prescribed range; and
(d) heating the beads in said pattern-mold to further expand, shape and bond them together to form a casting pattern, the improvement comprising controlling the operation of said method by the regular, on-line, real-time NIR-spectroscopic measurement of the blowing agent content of the beads, and in response thereto automatically initiating such adjustments to the operating conditions of said second heating as may be needed to produce beads within said prescribed range.
2. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein: said polymer beads comprise polystyrene; said blowing agent comprises pentane; and said hot gas stream comprises air that has a temperature of about 150°F.-200°F., and that continues to flow until said measuring determines that said prescribed range has been attained and initiates termination of said second heating.
3. The method according to claim 1 wherein said measuring is accomplished during, and at the site of, said second heating.
4. The method according to claim 1 wherein said measuring is accomplished at the entrance to said pattern-mold.
5. The method according to claim 2 wherein said prescribed range comprises about 1.4% to 2.5% by weight pentane.
6. In apparatus for making lost foam casting patterns from polymer beads having a first density and a first blowing agent content including,
(i) a pre-expansion vessel adapted to first heat said beads and gasify said blowing agent to expand said beads into a mass of pre-expanded beads having a second density and second blowing agent content less than said first density and first blowing agent content,
(ii) a blowing agent reduction chamber adapted to second heat said pre-expanded beads for a time sufficient to reduce the blowing agent content of said pre-expanded beads to within a prescribed range of blowing agent contents suitable for molding the beads into dimensionally stable casting patterns,
(iii) a blower supplying a stream of gas to said chamber to fluidize and second heat said pre-expanded beads in said chamber,
(iv) a heater heating said hot gas supplied to said chamber,
(v) a storage vessel receiving said pre-expanded beads from said blowing agent reduction vessel, and
(vi) a pattern-mold receiving beads from said storage vessel for molding into said pattern, the improvement comprising:
(1) a NIR-sensor coupled to said apparatus and directing a NIR-beam onto the beads in said apparatus to spectroscopically measure the blowing agent content of the beads-, and
(2) a controller associated with, and responsive to, said NIR-sensor to automatically initiate adjustments to the operation of said apparatus as may be needed to produce beads having a blowing agent content within said prescribed range.
7. Apparatus according to claim 6 wherein said NIR-sensor is coupled to, and measures the blowing agent content of the beads in, the blowing-agent reduction chamber, and initiates adjustment to the length of time the beads are heated in said chamber.
8. Apparatus according to claim 7 wherein said blowing agent reduction chamber is defined by a wall that includes a glass window, and said NIR-sensor is coupled to, and directs said NIR-beam through, said window.
9. Apparatus according to claim 7 wherein said blowing agent reduction chamber is defined by a wall that includes a port, and said NIR-sensor includes an elongated probe inserted into said chamber through said port and directing said NIR-beam through, said window.
10. In apparatus for making lost foam casting patterns from polymer beads having a first density and a first blowing agent content including,
(i) a pre-expansion vessel adapted to first heat said beads and gasify said blowing agent to expand said beads into a mass of pre-expanded beads having a second density and second blowing agent content less than said first density and first blowing agent content,
(ii) a blowing agent reduction chamber adapted to second heat said pre-expanded beads for a time sufficient to reduce the blowing agent content of said pre-expanded beads to within a prescribed range of blowing agent contents suitable for molding the beads into dimensionally stable casting patterns,
(iii) a blower supplying a stream of gas to said chamber to fluidize and second heat said pre-expanded beads in said chamber,
(iv) a heater heating said hot gas supplied to said chamber,
(v) a storage vessel receiving said pre-expanded beads from said blowing agent reduction vessel, and
(vi) a pattern-mold having an entrance receiving beads from said storage vessel for molding into said pattern, the improvement comprising:
(1) a NIR-sensor coupled to said apparatus at said entrance to said pattern-mold and directing a NIR-beam into the beads at said entrance to thereat spectroscopically measure the blowing agent content of the beads, and
(2) a controller associated with, and responsive to, said NIR-sensor to automatically initiate adjustments to the operation of said pattern-mold to accommodate pre-expanded beads having a blowing agent content outside said prescribed range.
11. In apparatus for making lost foam casting patterns from polymer beads having a first density and a first blowing agent content including,
(i) a pre-expansion vessel adapted to first heat said beads and gasify said blowing agent to expand said beads into a mass of pre-expanded beads having a second density and second blowing agent content less than said first density and first blowing agent content,
(ii) a blowing agent reduction chamber adapted to receive and second heat said pre-expanded beads for a time sufficient to reduce the blowing agent content of said pre-expanded beads to within a prescribed range of blowing agent contents suitable for molding the beads into dimensionally stable casting patterns,
(iii) a blower supplying gas to said chamber to fluidize and second heat said pre-expanded beads in said chamber,
(iv) a heater heating said hot gas supplied to said chamber,
(v) a storage vessel receiving said pre-expanded beads from said blowing agent reduction vessel, and
(vi) a pattern-mold having an entrance receiving beads from said storage vessel for molding into said pattern, the improvement comprising:
(1) a NIR-sensor coupled to said apparatus at said entrance to said pattern-mold and directing a NIR-beam onto the beads at said entrance to thereat spectroscopically measure the blowing agent content of the beads, and
(2) a controller associated with, and responsive to, said NIR-sensor to automatically initiate shut down of said pattern-mold when said pre-expanded beads at said entrance have a blowing agent content outside said prescribed range.
12. In a method of making lost foam casting patterns from polymer beads having a first density and a first blowing agent content comprising:
(a) first heating said beads to pre-expand them into a batch of pre-expanded beads having a second density lower than said first density, and a second blowing agent content less than said first blowing agent content, but to too high for molding into dimensionally stable patterns;
(b) second heating the pre-expanded beads in a stream of a hot gas for a time sufficient to reduce the blowing agent content of the pre-expanded beads to within a prescribed range of blowing agent contents suitable for molding the beads into dimensionally stable patterns, said gas being selected from the group consisting of gases that are unreactive with said polymer and said blowing agent, and do not interfere with the quantitative spectroscopic analysis of said blowing agent in the presence of said polymer beads;
(c) charging a pattern-mold with beads having a blowing agent content within said prescribed range; and
(d) heating the beads in said pattern-mold to further expand, shape and bond them together to form a casting pattern, the improvement comprising controlling the operation of said method by the on-line, real-time NIR-spectroscopic measurement of the blowing agent content of the beads, and in response thereto automatically initiating such adjustments to the operating conditions of said pattern-mold as may be needed for said pattern-mold to mold acceptable patterns from beads whose blowing agent content is outside said prescribed range.
13. In a method of making lost foam casting patterns from polymer beads having a first density and a first blowing agent content comprising:
(a) first heating said beads to pre-expand them into a batch of pre-expanded beads having a second density lower than said first density, and a second blowing agent content less than said first blowing agent content, but to too high for molding into dimensionally stable patterns;
(b) second heating the pre-expanded beads in a stream of a hot gas for a time sufficient to reduce the blowing agent content of the pre-expanded beads to within a prescribed range of blowing agent contents suitable for molding the beads into dimensionally stable patterns, said gas being selected from the group consisting of gases that are unreactive with said polymer and said blowing agent, and do not interfere with the quantitative spectroscopic analysis of said blowing agent in the presence of said polymer beads;
(c) charging a pattern-mold with beads having a blowing agent content within said prescribed range; and
(d) heating the beads in said pattern-mold to further expand, shape and bond them together to form a casting pattern, the improvement comprising controlling the operation of said method by the on-line, real-time NIR-spectroscopic measurement of the blowing agent content of the beads at the entrance to the pattern-mold, and in response thereto, automatically shutting down said pattern-mold when the beads at said entrance have a blowing agent content that is outside said prescribed range.