Multi-array, multi-specific electrochemiluminescence testing
Materials and methods are provided for producing patterned multi-array, multi-specific surfaces for use in diagnostics. The invention provides for electrochemiluminescence methods for detecting or measuring an analyte of interest. It also provides for novel electrodes for ECL assays. Materials and methods are provided for the chemical and/or physical control of conducting domains and reagent deposition for use multiply specific testing procedures.
1. An electrode for use in the detection of an analyte by electrochemiluminescence comprising a composite containing a polymer matrix and a multiplicity of carbon particles dispersed therein, said electrode having a plurality of discrete binding domains comprising (i) a binding reagent capable of binding a component of an electrochemiluminescence assay and (ii) an assay component linked to an electrochemiluminescent label.
2. An electrode as recited in claim 1 , wherein the carbon particles comprise from 0.5% to 50% by weight of the composite.
3. An electrode as recited in claim 1 , wherein the carbon particles comprise from 1% to 30% by weight of the composite.
4. An electrode as recited in claim 1 , wherein the carbon particles comprise from 2% to 20% by weight of the composite.
5. An electrode as recited in claim 1 , wherein said composite is molded.
6. An electrode as recited in claim 1 , wherein said composite is extruded.
7. An electrode as recited in claim 1 , wherein said binding reagent is covalently bound to said electrode.
8. An electrode as recited in claim 1 , wherein said binding reagent is non-covalently bound to said electrode.
9. An electrode as recited in claim 1 , wherein said binding reagent is directly immobilized on said electrode.
10. An electrode as recited in claim 1 , wherein said binding reagent is indirectly immobilized on said electrode via a linking agent.
11. An electrode as recited in claim 1 , wherein said binding reagent is an antibody or fragment thereof, a nucleic acid, a receptor or an enzyme.
12. An electrode as recited in claim 1 , wherein said carbon particles are etched or chemically modified.
13. An electrode as recited in claim 1 , wherein said multiplicity of carbon particles includes exposed carbon particles.
14. An electrode as recited in claim 1 , wherein said composite is plasma etched.
15. A method for manufacture of the electrode of claim 1 comprising: (a) treating said composite containing said polymer matrix and said multiplicity of carbon particles dispersed therein with a plasma and (b) forming said plurality of discrete binding domains on a surface of the so-treated composite, said plurality of discrete binding domains being comprised of (i) a binding reagent capable of binding a component of an electrochemiluminescence assay and (ii) an assay component linked to an electrochemiluminescent label.
16. A method as recited in claim 15 , wherein two or more sequential plasma treatments are conducted.
17. A method as recited in claim 15 , wherein the plasma contains an atom or compound selected from the group consisting of O 2 , Ar, H 2 O, N 2 , NH 3 , CF 4 , SF 6 , C 2 F 6 , CHF 3 , CF 2 Cl 2 , CF 3 Br, CF 3 Cl, and combinations thereof.
18. A method as recited in claim 15 wherein said plasma is generated from a single compound.
19. A method as recited in claim 15 wherein said plasma is generated from a mixture of two or more compounds.
20. A method as recited in claim 15 , wherein said plasma treatment is for one or more of the purposes of: (a) etching said polymer, or (b) derivatizing the exposed surfaces of the carbon particles dispersed in said polymer.
21. A method as recited in claim 15 , wherein said plurality of binding domains are formed by introducing said binding reagent through a hole in a mask placed on said composite.
22. An electrode prepared by the method claim 15 .
23. A method as recited in claim 15 , wherein said multiplicity of carbon particles includes exposed carbon particles.
24. A method for manufacture of the assay electrode of claim 1 comprising: (a) treating said composite containing said polymer matrix and said multiplicity of carbon particles dispersed therein with a chemical reagent and (b) forming said plurality of binding domains on a surface of the so-treated composite, said plurality of discrete binding domains being comprised of (i) a binding reagent capable of binding a component of an electrochemiluminescence assay and (ii) an assay component linked to an electrochemiluminescent label.
25. A method as recited in claim 24 , wherein said chemical reagent is an oxidizing agent.
26. A method as recited in claim 24 , wherein said plurality of binding domains are formed by introducing said binding reagent through a hole in a masked placed on said composite.
27. An electrode prepared by the method of claim 24 .