Rare earth removal of hydrated and hydroxyl species
This disclosure relates generally to methods and rare earth-containing additives for removing target materials in the form of hydroxides, carbonates, hydrates, or oxyhydroxyls from, a typically aqueous, liquid medium.
1. A method, comprising:
contacting, in an aqueous liquid medium, a rare earth-containing additive with one or more of a metal or metalloid hydroxide, carbonate, and hydrate to remove the one or more of the metal or metalloid hydroxide, carbonate, and hydrate from the aqueous liquid medium.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal or metalloid has an atomic number selected from the group consisting of 5, 13, 22-33, 40-52, 56, 72-84, and 88-94 and the one or more of the metal or metalloid hydroxide, carbonate, and hydrate is selected from the group consisting of:
M(H 2 O) 6 n , M(H 2 O) 5 OH (n-1) , M(OH) (n-1) , M(H 2 O) 4 (OH) 2 (n-2) , M(OH) 2 (n-2) , M(H 2 O) 3 (OH) 3 (n-3) , M(OH) 3 (n-3) , M(H 2 O) 2 (OH) 4 (n-4) , M(OH) 4 (n-4) , M(H 2 O)(OH) 5 (n-5) , M(OH) 5 (n-5) , M(OH) 6 (n-6) , M(H 2 O) 5 CO 3 (n-2) , MCO 3 (n-2) , M(H 2 O) 4 (CO 3 ) 2 (n-4) , M(CO 3 ) 2 (n-4) , M(H 2 O) 3 (CO 3 ) 3 (n-6) , M(CO 3 ) 3 (n-6) , M(H 2 O) 2 (CO 3 ) 4 (n-8) , M(CO 3 ) 4 (n-8) , M(H 2 O)(CO 3 ) 5 (n-10) , M(CO 3 ) 5 (n-10) , M(CO 3 ) 6 (n- 12) , M(H 2 O) 4 n , M(H 2 O) 3 OH (n-1) , M(H 2 O) 2 (OH) 2 (n-2) , and M(H 2 O)(OH) 3 (n-3) ,
wherein “M” is the metal or metalloid,
wherein “n” is a real number ≦8, and
wherein “n” represents a charge or oxidation state of “M”.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the aqueous liquid medium has an Eh and pH sufficient to render the one or more of a metal or metalloid hydroxide, carbonate, and hydrate as a primary species of M.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the rare earth-containing additive is in the form of cerium (IV) and/or cerium (III) and wherein M is lead.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein metal or metalloid is in the form of a hydroxide.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein metal of metalloid is in the form of a carbonate.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein metal or metalloid is in the form a metal or metalloid hydrate.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal or metalloid is one or more of boron, vanadium, chromium, cadmium, antimony, lead, and bismuth.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein, before the contacting of the aqueous liquid medium with the rare earth-containing additive, the contacting step comprises the sub-step of:
introducing, to the aqueous liquid medium, an agent to convert a metal or metalloid to a primary species, wherein the agent is selected from the group consisting of an oxidizing agent, a reducing agent, a base and/or base equivalent and a acid and/or acid equivalent, wherein the primary species is in the form of the one or more of the metal or metalloid hydroxide, carbonate, and hydrate.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the rare earth-containing additive is selected from the group consisting of water soluble and water insoluble rare earth-containing additives.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the lead hydrate is selected from the group consisting of:
Pb(H 2 O) 6 n , Pb(H 2 O) 5 OH (n-1) , Pb(H 2 O) 4 (OH) 2 (n-2) m, Pb(H 2 O) 3 (OH) 3 (n-3) , Pb(H 2 O) 2 (OH) 4 (n-4) , Pb(H 2 O)(OH) 5 (n-5) , Pb(H 2 O) 5 CO 3 (n-2) , M(H 2 O) 4 (CO 3 ) 2 (n-4) , Pb(H 2 O) 3 (CO 3 ) 3 (n-6) , Pb(H 2 O) 2 (CO 3 ) 4 (n-8) , Pb(H 2 O)(CO 3 ) 5 (n-10) , Pb(H 2 O ) 4 n , Pb(H 2 O) 3 OH (n-1) , Pb(H 2 O) 2 (OH) 2 (n-2) , P(H 2 O)(OH) 3 (n-3) ,
wherein “n” is a real number ≦8, and
wherein “n” represents a charge or oxidation state of Pb.
12. A method, comprising:
contacting, in an aqueous liquid medium, a rare earth-containing additive with one or more of a lead hydroxide, lead carbonate, and lead hydrate to remove the one or more of the hydroxide, lead carbonate, and lead hydrate from the aqueous liquid medium.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the one or more of the lead hydroxide, lead carbonate, and lead hydrate is selected from the group consisting of:
Pb(H 2 O) 6 n , Pb(H 2 O) 5 OH (n-1) , Pb(OH) (n-1) , Pb(H 2 O) 4 (OH) 2 (n-2) , Pb(OH) 2 (n-2) , Pb(H 2 O) 3 (OH) 3 (n-3) , Pb(OH) 3 (n-3) , Pb(H 2 O) 2 (OH) 4 (n-4) , Pb(OH) 4 (n-4) , Pb(H 2 O)(OH) 5 (n-5) , Pb(OH) 5 (n-5) , Pb(OH) 6 (n-6) , Pb(H 2 O) 5 CO 3 (n-2) , PbCO 3 (n-2) , M(H 2 O) 4 (CO 3 ) 2 (n-4) , Pb(CO 3 ) 2 (n-4) , Pb(H 2 O) 3 (CO 3 ) 3 (n-6) , Pb(CO 3 ) 3 (n-6) , Pb(H 2 O) 2 (CO 3 ) 4 (n-8) , Pb(CO 3 ) 4 (n-8) , Pb(H 2 O)(CO 3 ) 5 (n-10) , Pb(CO 3 ) 5 (n-10) , Pb(CO 3 ) 6 (n-12) , Pb(H 2 O) 4 n , Pb(H 2 O) 3 OH (n-1) , Pb(H 2 O) 2 (OH) 2 (n-2) , and P(H 2 O)(OH) 3 (n-3) ,
wherein “n” is a real number ≦8, and
wherein “n” represents a charge or oxidation state of Pb.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the aqueous liquid medium has an Eh and pH sufficient to render the one or more of the metal or metalloid hydroxide, carbonate, and hydrate as primary species.
15. The method of claim 12 , wherein the one or more of the lead hydroxide, lead carbonate, and lead hydrate is selected from the group consisting of:
Pb(H 2 O) 5 CO 3 (n-2) , PbCO 3 (n-2) , M(H 2 O) 4 (CO 3 ) 2 (n-4) , Pb(CO 3 ) 2 (n-4) , Pb(H 2 O) 3 (CO 3 ) 3 (n-6) , Pb(CO 3 ) 3 (n-6) , Pb(H 2 O) 2 (CO 3 ) 4 (n-8) , Pb(CO 3 ) 4 (n-8) , Pb(H 2 O)(CO 3 ) 5 (n-10) and Pb(CO 3 ) 6 (n-12) ,
wherein “n” is a real number ≦8, and
wherein “n” represents a charge or oxidation state of Pb.
16. The method of claim 12 , wherein the rare earth-containing additive is in the form of cerium (IV) and/or cerium (III).
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the rare earth-containing additive further comprises lanthanum.
18. The method of claim 12 , wherein the one or more of the lead hydroxide, is selected from the group consisting of:
Pb(H 2 O) 5 OH (n-1) , Pb(OH) (n-1) , Pb(H 2 O) 4 (OH) 2 (n-2) , Pb(OH) 2 (n-2) , Pb(H 2 O ) 3 (OH) 3 (n-3) , Pb(OH) 3 (n-3) , Pb(H 2 O) 2 (OH) 4 (n-4) , Pb(OH) 4 (n-4) , Pb(H 2 O)(OH) 5 (n-5) , Pb(OH) 5 (n-5) , Pb(OH) 6 (n-6) , Pb(H 2 O) 3 OH (n-1) , Pb(H 2 O) 2 (OH) 2 (n-2) , and P(H 2 O)(OH) 3 (n-3) ,
wherein “n” is a real number ≦8, and
wherein “n” represents a charge or oxidation state of Pb.
19. The method of claim 12 , wherein, before the contacting of the aqueous liquid medium with the rare earth-containing additive, the contacting step comprises the sub-step of:
introducing, to the aqueous liquid medium, an agent to convert lead to a primary species, wherein the agent is selected from the group consisting of an oxidizing agent, a reducing agent, a base and/or base equivalent and a acid and/or acid equivalent, wherein the primary species is in the form of the one or more of lead hydroxide, lead carbonate, and lead hydrate.
20. A method, comprising:
contacting, in an aqueous liquid medium, a rare earth-containing additive comprising cerium (IV) oxide, CeO 2 , with one or more of a metal or metalloid hydroxide, carbonate, and hydrate to remove the one or more of the metal or metalloid hydroxide, carbonate, and hydrate from the aqueous liquid medium.
21. The method of claim 20 , wherein the metal or metalloid has an atomic number selected from the group consisting of 5, 13, 22-33, 40-52, 56, 72-84, and 88-94 and the one or more of the metal or metalloid hydroxide, carbonate, and hydrate is selected from the group consisting of:
M(H 2 O) 6 n , M(H 2 O) 5 OH (n-1) , M(OH) (n-1) , M(OH 2 O) 4 (OH) 2 (n-2) , M(OH) 2 (n-2) , M(H 2 O) 3 (OH) 3 (n-3) , M(OH) 3 (n-3) , M(H 2 O) 2 (OH) 4 (n-4) , M(OH) 4 (n-4) , M(H 2 O)(OH) 5 (n-5) , M(OH) 5 (n-5) , M(OH) 6 (n-6) , M(H 2 O) 5 CO 3 (n-2) , MCO 3 (n-2) , M(H 2 O) 4 (CO 3 ) 2 (n-4) , M(CO 3 ) 2 (n-4) , M(H 2 O) 3 (CO 3 ) 3 (n-6) , M(CO 3 ) 3 (n-6) , M(H 2 O) 2 (CO 3 ) 4 (n-2) , M(CO) 4 (n-8) , M(H 2 O)(CO 3 ) 5 (n-10) , M(CO 3 ) 5 (n-10) , M(CO 3 ) 6 (n-12) , M(H 2 O) 4 n , M(OH 2 O) 3 OH (n-1) , M(OH 2 O) 2 (OH) 2 (n-2) , M(OH 2 O)(OH) 3 (n-3) ,
wherein “M” is the metal or metalloid,
wherein “n” is a real number ≦8, and
wherein “n” represents a charge or oxidation state of “M”.
22. The method of claim 20 , wherein the metal is lead and the one or more of the metal hydroxide, metal carbonate, and metal hydrate is selected from the group consisting of:
Pb(H 2 O) 6 n , Pb(H 2 O) 5 OH (n-1) , Pb(OH) (n-1) , Pb(H 2 O) 4 (OH) 2 (n-2) , Pb(OH) 2 (n-2) , Pb(H 2 O) 3 (OH) 3 (n-3) , Pb(OH) 3 (n-3) , Pb(H 2 O) 2 (OH) 4 (n-4) , Pb(OH) 4 (n-4) , Pb(H 2 O)(OH) 5 (n-5) , Pb(OH) 5 (n-5) , Pb(OH) 6 (n-6) , Pb(H 2 O) 5 CO 3 (n-2) , PbCO 3 (n-2) , M(H 2 O) 4 (CO 3 ) 2 (n-4) , Pb(CO 3 ) 2 (n-4) , Pb(H 2 O) 3 (CO 3 ) 3 (n-6) , Pb(CO 3 ) 3 (n-6) , Pb(H 2 O) 2 (CO 3 ) 4 (n-8) , Pb(CO 3 ) 4 (n-8) , Pb(H 2 O)(CO 3 ) 5 (n-10) , Pb(CO 3 ) 5 (n-10) , Pb(CO 3 ) 6 (n-12) , Pb(H 2 O) 4 n , Pb(H 2 O) 3 OH (n-1) , Pb(H 2 O) 2 (OH) 2 (n-2) , and P(H 2 O)(OH) 3 (n-3) ,
wherein “n” is a real number ≦8, and
wherein “n” represents a charge or oxidation state of Pb.
23. The method of claim 20 , wherein the metal or metalloid has an atomic number selected from the group consisting of 5, 13, 22-33, 40-52, 56, 72-84, and 88-94 and wherein the metal or metalloid hydroxide is selected from the group consisting of:
M(H 2 O) 5 OH (n-1) , M(OH) (n-1) , M(H 2 O) 4 (OH) 2 (n-2) , M(OH) 2 (n-2) , M(H 2 O) 3 (OH) 3 (n-3) , M(OH) 3 (n-3) , M(H 2 O) 2 (OH) 4 (n-4) , M(OH) 4 (n-4) , M(H 2 O)(OH) 5 (n-5) , M(OH) 5 (n-5) , M(OH) 6 (n-6) , M(H 2 O) 3 OH (n-1) , M(H 2 O) 2 (OH) 2 (n-2) , and M(H 2 O)(OH) 3 (n-3) ,
wherein “M” is the metal or metalloid,
wherein “n” is a real number ≦8, and
wherein “n” represents a charge or oxidation state of “M”.
24. The method of claim 20 , wherein the metal or metalloid has an atomic number selected from the group consisting of 5, 13, 22-33, 40-52, 56, 72-84, and 88-94 and wherein the metal or metalloid carbonate is selected from the group consisting of:
M(H 2 O) 5 CO 3 (n-2) , MCO 3 (n-2) , M(H 2 O) 4 (CO 3 ) 2 (n-4) , M(CO 3 ) 2 (n-4) , M(H 2 O) 3 (CO 3 ) 3 (n-6) , M(CO 3 ) 3 (n-6) , M(H 2 O) 2 (CO 3 ) 4 (n-8) , M(CO 3 ) 4 (n-8) , M(H 2 O)(CO 3 ) 5 (n-10) , M(CO 3 ) 5 (n-10) , and M(CO 3 ) 6 (n-12) ,
wherein “M” is the metal or metalloid,
wherein “n” is a real number ≦8, and
wherein “n” represents a charge or oxidation state of “M”.
25. The method of claim 20 , wherein the metal or metalloid has an atomic number selected from the group consisting of 5, 13, 22-33, 40-52, 56, 72-84, and 88-94 and wherein the metal or metalloid hydrate is selected from the group consisting of:
M(H 2 O) 6 n , M(H 2 O) 5 OH (n-1) , M( 2 O) 4 (OH) 2 (n-2) , M(H 2 O) 3 (OH) 3 (n-3) , M(H 2 O) 2 (OH) 4 (n-4) , M(H 2 O)(OH) 5 (n-5) , M(H 2 O) 5 CO 3 (n-2) , M(H 2 O) 4 (CO 3 ) 2 (n-4) , M(H 2 O) 3 (CO 3 ) 3 (n-6) , M(H 2 O) 2 (CO 3 ) 4 (n-8) , M(H 2 O)(CO 3 ) 5 (n-10) , M(H 2 O) 4 n , M(H 2 O) 3 (n-1) , M(H 2 O) 2 (OH) 2 (n-2) , and M(H 2 O)(OH) 3 (n-3) ,
wherein “M” is the metal or metalloid,
wherein “n” is a real number ≦8, and
wherein “n” represents a charge or oxidation state of “M”.
26. The method of claim 20 , wherein the aqueous liquid medium has an Eh and pH sufficient to render the one or more of a metal or metalloid hydroxide, carbonate, and hydrate as a primary species.
27. The method of claim 20 , wherein the rare earth-containing additive further comprises cerium (III).
28. The method of claim 20 , wherein the rare earth-containing additive further comprises lanthanum.
29. The method of claim 20 , wherein the rare earth-containing additive is in the form of cerium (IV) other than cerium (IV) oxide.
30. The method of claim 20 , wherein, before the contacting of the aqueous liquid medium with the rare earth-containing additive, the contacting step comprises the sub-step of:
introducing, to the aqueous liquid medium, an agent to convert the metal or metalloid to a primary species, wherein the agent is selected from the group consisting of an oxidizing agent, a reducing agent, a base and/or base equivalent and a acid and/or acid equivalent, wherein the primary species is in the form of the metal or metalloid hydroxide.
31. The method of claim 20 , wherein, before the contacting of the aqueous liquid medium with the rare earth-containing additive, the contacting step comprises the sub-step of:
introducing, to the aqueous liquid medium, an agent to convert the metal or metalloid to a primary species, wherein the agent is selected from the group consisting of an oxidizing agent, a reducing agent, a base and/or base equivalent and a acid and/or acid equivalent, wherein the primary species is in the form of the metal or metalloid carbonate.
32. The method of claim 20 , wherein, before the contacting of the aqueous liquid medium with the rare earth-containing additive, the contacting step comprises the sub-step of:
introducing, to the aqueous liquid medium, an agent to convert the metal or metalloid to a primary species, wherein the agent is selected from the group consisting of an oxidizing agent, a reducing agent, a base and/or base equivalent and a acid and/or acid equivalent, wherein the primary species is in the form of the metal or metalloid hydrate.
33. The method of claim 20 , wherein the metal is lead and the one or more of the metal carbonate is selected from the group consisting of:
Pb(H 2 O) 5 CO 3 (n-2) , PbCO 3 (n-2) , M(H 2 O) 4 (CO 3 ) 2 (n-4) , Pb(CO 3 ) 2 (n-4) , Pb(H 2 O) 3 (CO 3 ) 3 (n-6) , Pb(CO 3 ) 3 (n-6) , Pb(H 2 O) 2 (CO 3 ) 4 (n-8) , Pb(CO 3 ) 4 (n-8) , Pb(H 2 O)(CO 3 ) 5 (n-10) , Pb(CO 3 ) 5 (n-10) , and Pb(CO 3 ) 6 (n-12) ,
wherein “n” is a real number ≦8, and
wherein “n” represents a charge or oxidation state of Pb.
34. The method of claim 20 , wherein the metal or metalloid is lead, wherein, before the contacting of the aqueous liquid medium with the rare earth-containing additive, the contacting step comprises the sub-step of:
introducing, to the aqueous liquid medium, an agent to convert lead to a primary species, wherein the agent is selected from the group consisting of an oxidizing agent, a reducing agent, a base and/or base equivalent and a acid and/or acid equivalent, wherein the primary species is selected from the group consisting of:
Pb(H 2 O) 6 n , Pb(H 2 O) 5 OH (n-1) , Pb(OH) (n-1) , Pb(H 2 O) 4 (OH) 2 (n-2) , Pb(OH) 2 (n-2) , Pb(H 2 O) 3 (OH) 3 (n-3) , Pb(OH) 3 (n-3) , Pb(H 2 O) 2 (OH) 4 (n-4) , Pb(OH) 4 (n-4) , Pb(H 2 O)(OH) 5 (n-5) , Pb(OH) 5 (n-5) , Pb(OH) 6 (n-6) , Pb(H 2 O) 5 CO 3 (n-2) , PbCO 3 (n-2) , M(H 2 O) 4 (CO 3 ) 2 (n-4) , Pb(CO 3 ) 2 (n-4) , Pb(H 2 O) 3 (CO 3 ) 3 (n-6) , Pb(CO 3 ) 3 (n-6) , Pb(H 2 O) 2 (CO 3 ) 4 (n-8) , Pb(CO 3 ) 4 (n-8) , Pb(H 2 O)(CO 3 ) 5 (n-10) , Pb(CO 3 ) 5 (n-10) , Pb(CO 3 ) 6 (n-12) , Pb(H 2 O) 4 n , Pb(H 2 O) 3 OH (n-1) , Pb(H 2 O) 2 (OH) 2 (n-2) , and P(H 2 O)(OH) 3 (n-3) ,
wherein “n” is a real number ≦8, and
wherein “n” represents a charge or oxidation state of Pb.
35. The method of claim 20 , wherein the metal or metalloid is lead, wherein, before the contacting of the aqueous liquid medium with the rare earth-containing additive, the contacting step comprises the sub-step of:
introducing, to the aqueous liquid medium, an agent to convert lead to a primary species, wherein the agent is selected from the group consisting of an oxidizing agent, a reducing agent, a base and/or base equivalent and a acid and/or acid equivalent, wherein the primary species is selected from the group consisting of:
Pb(H 2 O) 5 CO 3 (n-2) , PbCO 3 (n-2) , M(H 2 O) 4 (CO 3 ) 2 (n-4) , Pb(CO 3 ) 2 (n-4) , Pb(H 2 O) 3 (CO 3 ) 3 (n-6) , Pb(CO 3 ) 3 (n-6) Pb(H 2 O) 2 (CO 3 ) 4 (n-8) , Pb(CO 3 ) 4 (n-8) , Pb(H 2 O)(CO 3 ) 5 (n-10) , Pb(CO 3 ) 5 (n-10) , and Pb(CO 3 ) 6 (n-12) ,
wherein “n” is a real number ≦8, and
wherein “n” represents a charge or oxidation state of Pb.