Methods of forming a metal chalcogenide material and related methods of forming a memory cell
A method of forming a metal chalcogenide material. The method comprises introducing a metal precursor and a chalcogenide precursor into a chamber, and reacting the metal precursor and the chalcogenide precursor to form a metal chalcogenide material on a substrate. The metal precursor is a carboxylate of an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a transition metal, a post-transition metal, or a metalloid. The chalcogenide precursor is a hydride, alkyl, or aryl precursor of sulfur, selenium, or tellurium or a silylhydride, silylalkyl, or silylaryl precursor of sulfur, selenium, or tellurium. Methods of forming a memory cell including the metal chalcogenide material are also disclosed, as are memory cells including the metal chalcogenide material.
1. A method of forming a metal chalcogenide material, comprising:
exposing a substrate to a metal precursor and a chalcogenide precursor, the metal precursor comprising a carboxylate of an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a transition metal, a post-transition metal, or a metalloid and the chalcogenide precursor comprising a hydride, alkyl, or aryl precursor of sulfur, selenium, or tellurium or a silylhydride, silylalkyl, or silylaryl precursor of sulfur, selenium, or tellurium; and
reacting the metal precursor and the chalcogenide precursor to form a metal chalcogenide material on the substrate, the metal chalcogenide material excluding SbTe, GeTe, GeSbTe, ZnTe, BiTe, ZnSe, BiSe, InSe, and CuSe.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein exposing a substrate to a metal precursor and a chalcogenide precursor comprises exposing the substrate to a metal precursor comprising a carboxylate of antimony (Sb), bismuth (Bi), copper (Cu), gallium (Ga), germanium (Ge), gold (Au), indium (In), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), silver (Ag), tin (Sn), or zinc (Zn) and the chalcogenide precursor.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein exposing a substrate to a metal precursor and a chalcogenide precursor comprises exposing the substrate to the metal precursor and a chalcogenide precursor comprising Te(R 1 R 2 ), Se(R 1 R 2 ), Te(SiR 3 R 4 R 5 ) 2 , or Se(SiR 3 R 4 R 5 ) 2 , wherein each of R 1 and R 2 is an alkyl group having between two carbon atoms and four carbon atoms, and each of R 3 , R 4 , or R 5 is an alkyl group having between one carbon atom and six carbon atoms.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein exposing a substrate to a metal precursor and a chalcogenide precursor comprises exposing the substrate to the metal precursor and a chalcogenide precursor comprising bis(trimethylsilyl) telluride, bis(triethylsilyl) telluride, bis(diethylmethylsilyl) telluride, bis(dimethylethylsilyl) telluride, diethyl telluride, diisopropyl telluride, dibutyl telluride, or bis(t-butyl) telluride.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein reacting the metal precursor and the chalcogenide precursor to form a metal chalcogenide material on the substrate comprises forming antimony sulfide (SbS), antimony selenide (SbSe), germanium sulfide (GeS), germanium selenide (GeSe), zinc sulfide (ZnS), bismuth sulfide (BiS), indium sulfide (InS), indium telluride (InTe), copper sulfide (CuS), copper telluride (CuTe), silver sulfide (AgS), silver selenide (AgSe), silver telluride (AgTe), gold sulfide (AuS), gold selenide (AuSe), or gold telluride (AuTe) on the substrate.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein exposing a substrate to a metal precursor and a chalcogenide precursor comprises exposing the substrate to the metal precursor and the chalcogenide precursor at a temperature of from approximately 20° C. to approximately 25° C.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein exposing a substrate to a metal precursor and a chalcogenide precursor comprises exposing the substrate to the metal precursor and the chalcogenide precursor at a temperature of from approximately 20° C. to approximately 325° C.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein exposing a substrate to a metal precursor and a chalcogenide precursor comprises exposing the substrate to the metal precursor comprising a metal acetate, metal propionate, metal butyrate, metal isobutyrate, metal valerate, metal pivalate, or metal hexanoate and the chalcogenide precursor.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein exposing a substrate to a metal precursor and a chalicogenide precursor comprises sequentially exposing the substrate to the metal precursor and the chalcogenide precursor and sequentially forming monolayers of metal and monolayers of chalcogen.
10. The method of claim 1 , further comprising including at least one additional element in the metal chalcogenide material.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein including at least one additional element in the metal chalcogenide material comprises including at least one of aluminum (Al), antimony (Sb), bismuth (Bi), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), gallium (Ga), germanium (Ge), gold (Au), hafnium (Hf), indium (In), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), mercury (Hg), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), silver (Ag), tantalum (Ta), tin (Sn), titanium (Ti), tungsten (W), zinc (Zn), zirconium (Zr), boron (B), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), silicon (Si), phosphorus (P), or arsenic (As) in the metal chalcogenide material.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein exposing a substrate to a metal precursor and a chalcogenide precursor and reacting the metal precursor and the chalcogenide precursor to form a metal chalcogenide material on the substrate comprises forming the metal chalcogenide material by atomic layer deposition.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein reacting the metal precursor and the chalcogenide precursor to form a metal chalcogenide material on the substrate comprises forming the metal chalcogenide material over an active material on the substrate.
14. A method of forming a copper telluride material, comprising:
reacting copper(II) pivalate with a chalcogenide precursor to form a copper telluride material on a substrate.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein reacting copper(II) pivalate with a chalcogenide precursor comprises reacting copper(II) pivalate with bis(trimethylsilyl) telluride to form the copper telluride material.
16. The method of claim 14 , wherein reacting copper(II) pivalate with a chalcogenide precursor comprises reacting copper(II) pivalate with diethyl telluride to form the copper telluride material.
17. The method of claim 14 , wherein reacting copper(II) pivalate with a chalcogenide precursor to form a copper telluride material on a substrate comprises forming the copper telluride material by atomic layer deposition.
18. A method of forming a memory cell, comprising:
forming an opening in a dielectric material over a first electrode;
completely filling the opening in the dielectric material with a conductive material;
forming an active material directly on an exposed surface of the conductive material and on all exposed horizontal surfaces of the dielectric material;
forming an ion source material by atomic layer deposition over the active material; and
forming a second electrode over the ion source material.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein forming an ion source material by atomic layer deposition over the active material comprises forming a copper telluride material by atomic layer deposition.
20. The method of claim 18 , wherein forming an ion source material by atomic layer deposition over the active material comprises:
introducing a metal precursor and a chalcogenide precursor into a chamber comprising the active material, the metal precursor comprising a carboxylate of an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a transition metal, a post-transition metal, or a metalloid and the chalcogenide precursor comprising a hydride, alkyl, or aryl precursor of sulfur, selenium, or tellurium or a silylhydride, silylalkyl, or silylaryl precursor of sulfur, selenium, or tellurium; and
reacting the metal precursor and the chalcogenide precursor to form a metal chalcogenide material on the active material, the metal chalcogenide material excluding SbTe, GeTe, GeSbTe, ZnTe, BiTe, ZnSe, BiSe, InSe, and CuSe.
21. The method of claim 18 , wherein forming an ion source material by atomic layer deposition over the active material comprises forming a copper telluride material over the active material.
22. The method of claim 18 , wherein completely filling the opening in the dielectric material with a conductive material comprises forming the conductive material in the opening so that an entire surface of the conductive material is coplanar with the exposed surfaces of the dielectric material.
23. A method of forming a memory cell, comprising:
forming an opening in a dielectric material over a first electrode;
completely filling the opening in the dielectric material with a conductive material;
depositing an active material directly on an exposed surface of the conductive material and on exposed surfaces of the dielectric material;
forming an ion source material by atomic layer deposition over the active material, comprising:
introducing a metal precursor and a chalcogenide precursor into a chamber comprising the active material, the metal precursor comprising a carboxylate of an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a transition metal, a post-transition metal, or a metalloid and the chalcogenide precursor comprising a hydride, alkyl, or aryl precursor of sulfur, selenium, or tellurium or a silylhydride, silyalky, or silylaryl precursor of sulfur, selenium, or tellurium; and
reacting the metal precursor and the chalcogenide precursor to form the ion souce material comprising a metal chalcogenide material on the active material, the metal chalcogenide material excluding SbTe, GeTe, GeSbTe, ZnTe, BiTe, ZnSe, BiSe, InSe, and CuSe; and
forming a second electrode over the ion source material.
24. The method of claim 23 , wherein depositing an active material directly on an exposed surface of the conductive material and on exposed surface of the dielectric material comprises depositing the active material directly on the exposed surface of the conductive material and all the exposed surfaces of the dielectric material.