Cell materials variation in SOFC stacks to address thermal gradients in all planes
A solid oxide fuel cell having a plurality of planar layered fuel cell units, an electrically conductive flow separator plate disposed between each of the fuel cell units, and a cathode contact material element disposed between each cathode electrode of the fuel cell units and each electrically conductive flow separator plate. The cathodes of the individual fuel cell units are modified such that the operating temperatures of the cathodes are matched with the temperatures they experience based upon their locations in the fuel cell stack. The modification involves adding to the cathode contact material and/or cathode at least one alloying agent which modifies the temperature of the cathode electrodes based upon the location of the cathode electrodes within the fuel cell stack. These alloying agents react with a component of the cathode electrode to form alloys.
1. A fuel cell stack comprising:
a plurality of planar layered fuel cell units, each fuel cell unit comprising a solid electrolyte sandwiched between an anode electrode and a cathode electrode;
wherein the cathode electrodes comprise Pd;
wherein an alloying agent, which is a material selected from the group consisting of Au, Ag, Pt, Cr, Nb, a mixture thereof, and an alloy thereof, is included in (i) the cathode electrodes, and/or (ii) a cathode contact material in contact with the cathode electrodes; and
wherein a ratio of an amount of the alloying agent to an amount of the Pd in a cathode electrode of a first fuel cell unit and/or a cathode contact material in contact with the cathode electrode of the first fuel cell unit is different from a ratio of an amount of the alloying agent to an amount of the Pd in a cathode electrode of a second fuel cell unit and/or a cathode contact material in contact with the cathode electrode of the second fuel cell unit.
2. The fuel cell stack of claim 1 , wherein a concentration of the alloying agent is such that, when the alloying agent reacts with a material of the cathode electrodes to form an alloy, a concentration of the alloying agent in said alloy is in a range of 1 to 65 wt %.
3. The fuel cell stack of claim 1 , wherein a concentration of the alloying is such that, when the alloying agent reacts with a material of the cathode electrodes to form an alloy, a concentration of the alloying agent in said alloy is in a range of 1 to 50 wt %.
4. The fuel cell stack of claim 1 , wherein a ratio of the amount of the alloying agent to the amount of the Pd in at least one of the cathode electrodes varies in a plane thereof.
5. The fuel cell stack of claim 1 , wherein the alloying agent is Ag.
6. A method of using a fuel cell stack, the method comprising:
providing a fuel cell stack comprising:
a plurality of planar layered fuel cell units, each fuel cell unit comprising a solid electrolyte sandwiched between an anode electrode and a cathode electrode,
wherein the cathode electrodes comprise Pd;
wherein an alloying agent, which is a material selected from the group consisting of Au, Ag, Pt, Cr, Nb, a mixture thereof, and an alloy thereof, is included in (i) the cathode electrodes, and/or (ii) a cathode contact material in contact with the cathode electrodes;
wherein a ratio of an amount of the alloying agent to an amount of the Pd in a cathode electrode of a first fuel cell unit and/or a cathode contact material in contact with the cathode electrode of the first fuel cell unit is different from a ratio of an amount of the alloying agent to an amount of the Pd in a cathode electrode of a second fuel cell unit and/or a cathode contact material in contact with the cathode electrode of the second fuel cell unit; and
causing the alloying agent to react with the Pd of the cathode electrodes to form an alloy.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein a concentration of the alloying agent in said alloy is in a range of 1 to 65 wt %.
8. The method of claim 6 , wherein a concentration of the alloying agent in said alloy is in a range of 1 to 50 wt %.
9. The method of claim 6 , wherein a ratio of the amount of the alloying agent to the amount of the Pd in at least one of the cathode electrodes varies in a plane of the said at least one of the cathode electrodes.
10. The method of claim 6 , wherein the alloying agent is Ag.
11. A fuel cell stack comprising:
a plurality of planar layered fuel cell units, each fuel cell unit comprising a solid electrolyte sandwiched between an anode electrode and a cathode electrode;
wherein the cathode electrode comprises Pd;
wherein an alloying agent, which is a material selected from the group consisting of Au, Ag, Pt, Cr, Nb, a mixture thereof, and an alloy thereof, is included in (i) at least one of the cathode electrodes, and/or (ii) a cathode contact material in contact with at least one of the cathode electrodes; and
wherein a ratio of an amount of the alloying agent to an amount of the Pd in said at least one of the cathode electrodes or said cathode contact material varies in a plane thereof.
12. The fuel cell stack of claim 11 , wherein a concentration of the alloying agent is such that, when the alloying agent reacts with a material of the cathode electrodes to form an alloy, a concentration of the alloying agent in said alloy is in a range of 1 to 65 wt %.
13. The fuel cell stack of claim 11 , wherein a concentration of the alloying agent is such that, when the alloying agent reacts with a material of the cathode electrodes to form an alloy, a concentration of the alloying agent in said alloy is in a range of 1 to 50 wt %.
14. The fuel cell stack of claim 11 , wherein the alloying agent is Ag.
15. A method of using a fuel cell stack, the method comprising:
providing a fuel cell stack comprising:
a plurality of planar layered fuel cell units, each fuel cell unit comprising a solid electrolyte sandwiched between an anode electrode and a cathode electrode, wherein the cathode electrode comprises Pd,
wherein an alloying agent, which is a material selected from the group consisting of Au, Ag, Pt, Cr, Nb, a mixture thereof, and an alloy thereof, is included in (i) at least one of the cathode electrodes, and/or (ii) a cathode contact material in contact with at least one of the cathode electrodes, and
wherein a ratio of an amount of the alloying agent to an amount of the Pd in said at least one of the cathode electrodes or said cathode contact material varies in a plane thereof; and
causing the alloying agent to react with a material of the cathode electrodes to form an alloy.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein a concentration of the alloying agent in said alloy is in a range of 1 to 65 wt %.
17. The method of claim 15 , wherein a concentration of the alloying agent in said alloy is in a range of 1 to 50 wt %.
18. The method of claim 15 , wherein the alloying agent is Ag.