Copper tube interconnect
A method and apparatus are provided for fabricating an electro-optical interconnect on an integrated circuit ( 101, 114 ) in which an optical circuit element ( 102 ) is formed by forming a cylinder-shaped conductive interconnect structure ( 120, 122, 126, 128 ) with one or more conductive layers formed around a central opening ( 129 ) which is located over an optically transparent layer ( 118 ) located over the optical circuit element ( 102 ).
1. A method for fabricating an electro-optical interconnect comprising:
providing a first substrate in which an optical circuit element is formed;
forming an interconnect structure on the first substrate comprising one or more metallic conductor layers formed in one or more interlevel dielectric layers and an optically transparent layer located over the optical circuit element; and
forming a first conductive interconnect structure on the interconnect structure with one or more conductive layers formed around a central opening in the first conductive interconnect structure which is located over the optically transparent layer, where the first conductive interconnect structure is electrically connected to one or more circuits formed in the first substrate to provide an electrical signal path, and where the central opening in the first conductive interconnect structure and optically transparent layer are optically coupled to the optical circuit element formed in the first substrate to provide an optical signal path;
where forming the first conductive interconnect structure comprises:
forming an electrical contact pad layer on the interconnect structure having a central opening located over the optically transparent layer and the optical circuit element;
forming a mold structure having one or more mold openings which expose the electrical contact pad layer but otherwise covering the interconnect structure and the central opening of the electrical contact pad layer; and
filling the one or more mold openings with one or more conductive materials to form the first conductive interconnect structure in direct contact with the electrical contact pad layer.
2. The method of claim 1 , where the optical circuit element formed in the first substrate comprises photo-emitter circuit or photo-detector circuit.
3. The method of claim 1 , where the optical circuit element formed in the first substrate comprises photo-diode, photo-resistor, Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSEL), laser-diode, quantum dot, or self-electro-optic effect device (SEED).
4. The method of claim 1 , where forming the interconnect structure comprises forming metallic conductor layers in a plurality of interlevel dielectric layers to define the electrical signal path between the first conductive interconnect structure and the one or more circuits formed in the first substrate.
5. The method of claim 1 , where forming the interconnect structure comprises forming the optically transparent layer as a layer of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), silica glass, acrylic, unfilled epoxy, or other optically clear material located over the optical circuit element.
6. The method of claim 1 , where forming the electrical contact pad layer comprises depositing and patterning an aluminum-based layer.
7. The method of claim 6 , further comprising:
depositing a barrier layer comprising titanium over the aluminum-based layer; and,
depositing a seed layer comprising copper over the barrier layer.
8. The method of claim 1 , where forming the mold structure comprises patterning and developing a photoresist layer to define the one or more mold openings.
9. The method of claim 1 , where filling the one or more mold openings comprises:
electroplating copper to partially fill the one or more mold openings; and
electroplating solder to form a bonding layer on top of the copper formed in the one or more mold openings.
10. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
providing a second substrate on which a second conductive interconnect structure is formed;
positioning the first and second substrates so that the first and second conductive interconnect structures are aligned for attachment;
bonding the first and second conductive interconnect structures together, where the first and second conductive interconnect structures are electrically connected to the electrical signal path, and where the first and second conductive interconnect structures each comprise a central opening which is optically coupled to the optical signal path.
11. The method of claim 10 , where the second substrate comprises an optical circuit element positioned to be in optical communication with the first and second conductive interconnect structures that are bonded together.