Shape memory polymers
New shape memory polymer compositions, methods for synthesizing new shape memory polymers, and apparatus comprising an actuator and a shape memory polymer wherein the shape memory polymer comprises at least a portion of the actuator. A shape memory polymer comprising a polymer composition which physically forms a network structure wherein the polymer composition has shape-memory behavior and can be formed into a permanent primary shape, re-formed into a stable secondary shape, and controllably actuated to recover the permanent primary shape. Polymers have optimal aliphatic network structures due to minimization of dangling chains by using monomers that are symmetrical and that have matching amine and hydroxl groups providing polymers and polymer foams with clarity, tight (narrow temperature range) single transitions, and high shape recovery and recovery force that are especially useful for implanting in the human body.
1. A crosslinked thermoset open cell shape memory polymer foam made from a crosslinked polyurethane polymer comprising the reaction product of (a) at least one aliphatic diisocyanate monomer, and (b) at least one symmetric aliphatic hydroxyl containing monomer with a functionality greater than 2;
wherein the at least one aliphatic diisocyanate monomer and the at least one symmetric aliphatic hydroxyl containing monomer are configured to provide matching isocyanate and hydroxyl groups to react with each other and minimize dangling chains in the polymer foam.
2. The polymer foam of claim 1 wherein;
the at least one aliphatic diisocyanate monomer is selected from the group consisting of octamethylene diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), pentamethylene diisocyanate, tetramethylene diisocyanate, trimethylene diioscyanate, ethylene diisocyanate, methylene diisocyanate, and dicyclohexylmethane-4,4-diisocyanate; and
the at least one symmetric aliphatic hydroxyl containing monomer is selected from the group consisting of N,N,N′,N′ Tetrakis (2-hydroxypropyl)ethylenediamine (HPED), triethanol amine (TEA), N,N,N′,N′-Tetrakis(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine (HEED), trimethylolpropane ethoxylate, glycerol, polycaprolactone triol, pentaerythritol, and hexamethylolmelamine.
3. The polymer foam of claim 1 wherein the at least one aliphatic diisocyanate monomer and the at least one symmetric aliphatic hydroxyl containing monomer are formulated to a 1:1 ratio of isocyanate to hydroxyl functional groups.
4. The polymer foam of claim 1 wherein the at least one aliphatic diisocyanate monomer is hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) and the at least one symmetric aliphatic hydroxyl containing monomer comprises N,N,N′,N′-Tetrakis (2-hydroxypropyl) ethylenediamine (HPED) and triethanolamine (TEA).
5. The polymer foam of claim 4 wherein the mole ratio of the HDI to at least one of the HPED and the TEA is 2 to 1.
6. The polymer foam of claim 1 wherein the at least one symmetric aliphatic hydroxyl containing monomer contains no ether or ester linkages.
7. The polymer foam of claim 1 wherein the polymer foam is dyed to promote adsorption of specific wavelengths of light.
8. The polymer foam of claim 7 wherein the polymer foam is dyed with indocyanine green or platinum based dyes.
9. The polymer foam of claim 1 also comprising additives selected from the group consisting of carbon nanotubes, exfoliated clay, particulate silica, glass fibers, carbon fibers, mineral fillers, metal fillers, glassy polymers and liquid crystalline polymers added to the polymer prior to foaming.
10. The polymer foam of claim 9 wherein the additive is single walled carbon nanotubes.
11. The polymer foam of claim 8 , wherein the polymer foam is included in an interventional medical device.
12. A crosslinked thermoset open cell shape memory polymer foam made from a crosslinked polyurethane polymer comprising the reaction product of (a) at least one aliphatic diisocyanate monomer, and (b) at least one symmetric aliphatic hydroxyl containing monomer with a functionality greater than 2;
wherein the at least one aliphatic diisocyanate monomer and the at least one symmetric aliphatic hydroxyl containing monomer provide matching isocyanate and hydroxyl groups to react with each other and minimize dangling chains in the polymer foam;
wherein the at least one symmetric aliphatic hydroxyl containing monomer includes polycaprolactone triol.
13. The polymer foam of claim 12 wherein:
the at least one aliphatic diisocyanate monomer is selected from the group consisting of octamethylene diisocyanate, pentamethylene diisocyanate, tetramethylene diisocyanate, trimethylene diisocyanate, ethylene diisocyanate, methylene diisocyanate, and dicyclohexylmethane-4,4′-diisocyanate.
14. The polymer foam of claim 12 wherein the at least one aliphatic diisocyanate monomer is hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI).
15. The polymer foam of claim 11 , wherein the polymer foam has a glass transition temperature no greater than 81 degrees C. and no less than 35 degrees C.
16. The polymer foam of claim 12 , wherein the polymer foam has a glass transition temperature no greater than 81 degrees C. and no less than 35 degrees C.