Laser interference lithography system with flat-top intensity profile

1. A laser interference lithography system with flat-top intensity profile comprising:

a laser source for emitting a coherent laser beam;

a first beam expander for adjusting the coherent laser beam size;

a refractive beam shaper for converting a Gaussian intensity profile inherent to the coherent laser beam into a flat-top intensity profile and outputting a first collimated laser beam;

a second beam expander for receiving the first collimated laser beam and outputting a second collimated laser beam, wherein the second collimated laser beam is larger in size than the first collimated laser beam;

a sample holder for holding a substrate; and

at least one reflector for receiving and reflecting the second collimated laser beam to form a third collimated laser beam,

wherein the second and third collimated laser beams are transmitted to the substrate at a predetermined angle to produce an interference pattern on the substrate.

2. The laser interference lithography system with flat-top intensity profile in accordance with claim 1 further comprises a variable optical attenuator which is disposed between the laser source and the refractive beam shaper.

3. The laser interference lithography system with flat-top intensity profile in accordance with claim 2 , wherein the variable optical attenuator includes a half-wave plate and a polarization beam splitter.

4. The laser interference lithography system with flat-top intensity profile in accordance with claim 1 , wherein the first beam expander is capable of adjusting the coherent laser beam size to approximately 6 mm.

5. The laser interference lithography system with flat-top intensity profile in accordance with claim 1 , wherein the second beam expander is selected from at least one of the group consisting of a UV objective, a plano-convex lens and a plano-concave lens.

6. The laser interference lithography system with flat-top intensity profile in accordance with claim 1 further comprises at least one volume Bragg grating based spatial filter which is disposed between the refractive beam shaper and the second beam expander.

7. The laser interference lithography system with flat-top intensity profile in accordance with claim 1 further comprises at least one volume Bragg grating based spatial filter which is disposed between the laser source and the first beam expander.

8. The laser interference lithography system with flat-top intensity profile in accordance with claim 1 further comprises at least one volume Bragg grating based spatial filter which is disposed between the first beam expander and the refractive beam shaper.

9. The laser interference lithography system with flat-top intensity profile in accordance with claim 8 further comprises a beam splitter which is disposed between the volume Bragg grating based spatial filter and the refractive beam shaper.

10. The laser interference lithography system with flat-top intensity profile in accordance with claim 1 further comprises a laser beam profiler for measuring the intensity profile of the coherent laser beam, wherein the laser beam profiler is disposed between the refractive beam shaper and the second beam expander.

11. The laser interference lithography system with flat-top intensity profile in accordance with claim 1 , wherein the refractive beam shaper and the second beam expander are separated by a distance smaller than 20 cm.

12. The laser interference lithography system with flat-top intensity profile in accordance with claim 1 , wherein the substrate area is larger than 2 inch and a variation in fill factor of the interference pattern is smaller than 5%.