Subsea pipe-in-pipe structures
A rigid pipe-in-pipe structure for subsea transportation of fluids includes inner and outer pipes defining a thermally-isolating annulus between them. Thermal insulation material is disposed in the annulus. The outer pipe is of metal, preferably carbon steel. The inner pipe is a polymeric composite structure of bonded layers including a first, radially outer tubular polymeric electrically insulating layer, which can be of pure polymer, surrounding a second, composite layer including carbon fibers, preferably continuous fibers, embedded in a polymer matrix. Conveniently the second layer is a heating layer in which the carbon fibers conduct electricity to heat the inner pipe. The inner pipe can also comprise a radially inner tubular polymer layer within the second composite layer.
1. A rigid pipe-in-pipe structure for subsea transportation of fluids, comprising:
inner and outer pipes in spaced concentric relation to define a thermally-isolating annulus between them; and
thermal insulation material disposed in the annulus, wherein a gap is left in the annulus between the insulation material and the outer pipe;
wherein the outer pipe is made of metal and the inner pipe is a polymeric composite structure of bonded layers comprising a first, radially outer polymeric layer surrounding a second layer of composite material comprising reinforcing fibres embedded in a polymer matrix, and
wherein the thickness of the outer layer of the inner pipe varies along its length such that the inner pipe comprises a series of longitudinally-spaced formations formed integrally with the outer layer of the inner pipe and protruding radially outwardly from the outer layer.
2. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the reinforcing fibres of the second layer comprise carbon fibres.
3. The structure of claim 2 , wherein the second layer is a heating layer in which the carbon fibres are connected to an electrical power supply for resistant heating.
4. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the inner pipe further comprises a third bonded layer being a radially inner polymeric layer within the second composite layer.
5. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the polymers of the layers of the inner pipe are either all thermoset polymers or all thermoplastic polymers.
6. The structure of claim 5 , wherein the polymers of all of the layers are structurally compatible polymers.
7. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the polymer of one or more layers of the inner pipe serves as a matrix for reinforcing fibres that are electrically insulating.
8. The structure of claim 1 , wherein abutting layers of the inner pipe are bonded to each other by fusing of thermoplastic polymers of those layers.
9. The structure of claim 1 , wherein a gap remains between the protruding formations and the Interior of the outer pipe.
10. The structure of claim 1 , further comprising at least one optical fibre embedded in or placed between one or more of the layers of the inner pipe.
11. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the annulus is maintained without spacers between the inner and outer pipes.
12. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the thermal insulation material is microporous or nanoporous.
13. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the thermal insulation material is electrically insulating.
14. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the annulus Is evacuated to a pressure of less than 100 mb.
15. A subsea installation comprising at least one pipe-in-pipe structure as defined in claim 1 .
16. A method for manufacturing a rigid pipe-in-pipe structure for subsea transportation of fluids, the method comprising:
providing an inner pipe, being a polymeric composite structure of bonded layers comprising a first, radially outer polymeric layer surrounding a second layer of composite material comprising reinforcing fibres embedded in a polymer matrix;
varying the thickness of the outer layer of the inner pipe along its length to produce longitudinally-spaced outwardly-protruding formations;
placing the inner pipe into a metal outer pipe to leave a thermally-isolating annulus between the inner and outer pipes; and
providing thermally-insulating material around the inner pipe, wherein a gap is left in the annulus between the insulation material and the outer pipe.
17. The method of claim 16 , comprising wrapping at least one layer of thermally insulating material around the inner pipe and then placing the inner pipe wrapped with the thermally-insulating layer into the outer pipe.
18. The method of claim 16 , comprising placing a thermally-insulating material into the annulus after the inner pipe is placed into the outer pipe.
19. The method of claim 16 , wherein the inner pipe is manufactured by co-extrusion involving simultaneous extrusion of two or more layers.
20. The method of claim 16 , comprising fabricating the outer pipe to a desired length by welding together a succession of pipe joints.
21. The method of claim 16 , comprising inserting the inner pipe telescopically into a prefabricated outer pipe.
22. The method of claim 16 , comprising:
transporting the inner pipe as an oversized element to an assembly location at which the pipe-in-pipe structure is assembled; and
at the assembly location, cutting the inner pipe to a length suiting the structure.
23. The method of claim 16 , comprising transporting the inner pipe as a made-to-length element to an assembly location at which the pipe-in-pipe structure is assembled.
24. A subsea installation comprising at least one pipe-in-pipe structure as made by the method of claim 16 .