Electrochemical process

1. A process, comprising:

(a) introducing an anolyte into an anolyte compartment of an electrochemical reactor, the anolyte compartment at least partially containing an anode;

(b) introducing carbon dioxide into a catholyte compartment of the electrochemical reactor, the catholyte compartment separated from the anolyte compartment by a membrane, the catholyte compartment further at least partially containing a cathode;

(c) introducing a catholyte into the catholyte compartment;

(d) impressing a DC voltage across the anode and the cathode, whereby at least a portion of the carbon dioxide is reduced; and

(e) removing a deposit from the cathode, the step of removing selected from the group consisting of applying superimposed pulsed anodic polarization, superimposed pulsed deep cathodic polarization, and combinations thereof.

2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the carbon dioxide is reduced to formate.

3. The process of claim 1 , wherein the carbon dioxide is reduced to formic acid.

4. The process of claim 1 , further comprising periodically applying the selected anodic polarization, deep cathodic polarization, or combinations thereof.

5. The process of claim 4 , wherein the total periodic application is between 0.3 percent and 1.7 percent of a maximum time interval between applications.

6. The process of claim 5 , wherein the maximum time interval is 24 hours.

7. The process of claim 1 , wherein the deep cathodic polarization is applied every two to ten hours for between five and 30 seconds.

8. The process of claim 1 , wherein the anodic polarization is applied every two to ten hours for between 15 seconds and two minutes.

9. The process of claim 1 , wherein:

the combination of deep cathodic polarization and anodic polarization is applied every two hours to ten hours;

the anodic polarization is applied for between five and 30 seconds, and, immediately thereafter;

the deep cathodic polarization is applied for between 15 seconds and two minutes.

10. The process of claim 1 , wherein the current density of the anodic polarization is a positive current density ten times the current density effected by the impressed DC voltage across the anode and the cathode.

11. The process of claim 1 , wherein the current density of the deep cathodic polarization is a negative current density ten times the current density effected by the impressed DC voltage across the anode and the cathode.

12. The process of claim 1 , wherein a baseline current density is between 100 mA/cm 2 and 500 mA/cm 2 and the polarization is selected from the group consisting of anodic polarization pulses between 500 mA/cm 2 and 5,000 mA/cm 2 and deep cathodic pulses between −500 mA/cm 2 and −5,000 mA/cm 2 and combinations thereof.

13. A process, comprising:

(a) providing an electrochemical reactor, the electrochemical reactor comprising:

an anolyte compartment, the anolyte compartment at least partially containing an anode; and

a catholyte compartment, the catholyte compartment separated from the anolyte compartment by a membrane, the catholyte compartment at least partially containing a cathode;

(b) introducing an anolyte into the anolyte compartment;

(c) introducing carbon dioxide into the catholyte compartment;

(d) introducing a catholyte into the catholyte compartment;

(e) impressing a DC voltage across the anode and the cathode, whereby at least a portion of the carbon dioxide is reduced; and

(f) removing a deposit from the cathode, the step of removing selected from the group consisting of applying superimposed pulsed anodic polarization, superimposed pulsed deep cathodic polarization, and combinations thereof.

14. The process of claim 13 , wherein the carbon dioxide is reduced to formate.

15. The process of claim 13 , wherein the carbon dioxide is reduced to formic acid.