Hydrogel derived carbon for energy storage devices
An energy storage device, such as a sodium ion capacitor, including an anode and a cathode, at least one of the anode and the cathode including a nitrogen and oxygen functionalized carbon (NOFC). The NOFC has a nitrogen content greater than 4 wt %, such as 13 wt %, an oxygen content greater than 8 wt %, such as 11 wt %, and a surface area greater than 800 m 2 g −1 , such as 945 m 2 g −1 . The energy storage device has favorable reversible and rate capability, such as 437 mAhg −1 at 100 mAg −1 , and 185 mAhg −1 at 1600 mA g −1 .
1. An energy storage device, comprising:
an anode;
a cathode, at least one of said anode and said cathode comprising a nitrogen and oxygen functionalized carbon (NOFC);
the NOFC including a nitrogen content greater than 4 wt %, an oxygen content greater than 8 wt %, and a surface area greater than 800 m 2 g −1 .
2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the NOFC is derived from a polypyrrole hydrogel precursor.
3. The device of claim 1 , wherein the nitrogen content is greater than 8 wt %.
4. The device of claim 1 , wherein the nitrogen content is greater than 13 wt %.
5. The device of claim 4 , wherein the oxygen content is greater than 11 wt %.
6. The device of claim 1 , wherein the NOFC has at least 40% mesoporosity and at least 40% microporosity.
7. The device of claim 6 , wherein the NOFC has at least 50% mesoporosity.
8. The device of claim 1 , wherein the at least one of said anode and said cathode comprising the NOFC has a reversible capacity of at least about 279 mAhg −1 .
9. The device of claim 1 , wherein the at least one of said anode and said cathode comprising the NOFC has a reversible capacity of at least about 388 mAhg −1 .
10. The device of claim 9 , wherein the reversible capacity is at least about 437 mAhg −1 , and wherein the at least one of said anode and said cathode comprising the NOFC has a rate capability of at least about 100 mAhg −1 .
11. The device of claim 1 , wherein the anode comprises the NOFC and the cathode is a peanut shell derived nanosheet carbon (PSNC).
12. The device of claim 1 , wherein the device is one of a sodium ion capacitor, a lithium ion capacitor, or a hybrid ion capacitor.
13. The device of claim 1 , wherein the device is a hybrid ion capacitor.
14. The device of claim 1 , wherein the NOFC has a surface area of at least about 945 m 2 g −1 .
15. The device of claim 1 , wherein the device has an at least 79% capacity retention at 5,000 charge/discharge cycles.
16. A energy-storage device, comprising:
a housing, said housing comprising dimensions that conform to standardized battery dimensions; and
a capacitor cell, said capacitor cell disposed in the housing and electrically coupled to said housing, wherein said capacitor cell comprises at least one of a positive electrode and a negative electrode, the at least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode comprising an activated carbon material;
wherein the activated carbon material comprises a nitrogen content greater than 4 wt %, an oxygen content greater than 8 wt %, and a surface area greater than 800 m 2 g −1 .
17. The energy-storage device of claim 16 , wherein the at least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode comprising the activated carbon material has a reversible capacity of at least 279 mAh g −1 .
18. The energy-storage device of claim 17 , wherein the reversible capacity is at least about 437 mAh g −1 , and wherein the electrode has a rate capability of at least about 100 mA g −1 .
19. The energy-storage device of claim 16 , wherein said housing comprises a form factor of one of a D-cell sized battery, a pouch cell, a rectangular automotive starter battery scale cell, a C-cell sized battery, an AA-cell sized battery, an AAA-cell sized battery, a 18650 lithium ion battery, or a 26650 lithium ion battery.
20. An electrode fabricated from an activated carbon material, comprising:
a nitrogen content of at least 4 wt %;
an oxygen content of at least 8 wt %;
a surface area greater than 800 m 2 g −1 ; and
a reversible capacity of at least 279 mAh g −1 .
21. The electrode of claim 20 , wherein the reversible capacity is at least about 437 mAh g −1 .
22. The electrode of claim 21 , wherein the electrode has a rate capability of at least about 100 mA g −1 .
23. The electrode of claim 20 , wherein the surface area is at least about 945 m 2 g −1 .
24. The electrode of claim 20 , wherein the electrode is a cathode of a hybrid ion capacitor.
25. The electrode of claim 20 , wherein the activated carbon material is based on a precursor comprising one of a hydrogel, an aerogel, a commercial polymer, a hemp material, or a peanut material.
26. The electrode of claim 20 , wherein the activated carbon material is embodied in a carbon nanosheet.