Methods and systems for microelectronic packaging
Hybrid optical integration places very strict manufacturing tolerances and performance requirements upon the multiple elements to exploit passive alignment techniques as well as having additional processing requirements. Alternatively, active alignment and soldering/fixing where feasible is also complex and time consuming with 3, 4, or 6-axis control of each element. However, microelectromechanical (MEMS) systems can sense, control, and activate mechanical processes on the micro scale. Beneficially, therefore the inventors combine silicon MEMS based micro-actuators with silicon CMOS control and drive circuits in order to provide alignment of elements within a silicon optical circuit either with respect to each other or with other optical elements hybridly integrated such as compound semiconductor elements. Such inventive MEMS based circuits may be either maintained as active during deployment or powered off once the alignment has been “locked” through an attachment/retention/latching process.
1. A device comprising:
a substrate;
an optical waveguide structure comprising:
an optical waveguide formed upon a substrate;
a first suspended optical waveguide section coupled at a first end to the optical waveguide and at a second distal end to a first end of a non-suspended optical waveguide section;
the non-suspended optical waveguide section disposed upon an arm of a first microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) micro-positioner; and
a second suspended waveguide coupled at a first end to a second distal end of the non-suspended optical waveguide section;
the first MEMS micro-positioner comprising a first portion for providing motion of the arm coupled to a first end of the arm; wherein
the optical waveguide structure is continuous from the first suspended optical waveguide section to the second suspended optical waveguide section.
2. The device according to claim 1 , further comprising
a second MEMS micro-positioner comprising a first portion for providing a motion of the aim; wherein
the first portion of the second MEMS micro-positioner is coupled to a second distal end of the arm;
the first MEMS micro-positioner and the second MEMS micro-positioner are disposed laterally on either side of the optical waveguide structure.
3. The device according to claim 2 , wherein
the first MEMS micro-positioner, second MEMS micro-positioner and the arm are one set of linked actuators of a plurality of sets of linked actuators;
each arm within a set of linked actuators supports a non-suspended waveguide portion of a plurality of non-suspended waveguide portions; and
between each sequential pair of non-suspended waveguide portions are joined by a suspended waveguide portion.
4. The device according to claim 2 , wherein
the first MEMS micro-positioner, second MEMS micro-positioner and the arm are one set of linked actuators of a plurality of sets of linked actuators each disposed at a predetermined location along the second portion of the optical waveguide structure;
each arm within a set of linked actuators supports a non-suspended waveguide portion of a plurality of non-suspended waveguide portions;
between each sequential pair of non-suspended waveguide portions are joined by a suspended waveguide portion; and
an anchor is disposed along a suspended waveguide portion disposed between a first set of linked actuators of the plurality of sets of linked actuators and another set of linked actuators of the plurality of sets of linked actuators.
5. The device according to claim 4 , wherein
the anchor comprises:
a first post disposed to a first side of the suspended optical waveguide section between the sequential pair of non-suspended waveguide portions;
a second post disposed to a second other side of the suspended optical waveguide section between the sequential pair of non-suspended waveguide portions;
a first spring coupling the first post to the suspended optical waveguide section between the sequential pair of non-suspended waveguide portions; and
a second spring coupling the second post to the suspended optical waveguide section between the sequential pair of non-suspended waveguide portions.
6. The device according to claim 2 , wherein
each of the first MEMS micro-positioner and the second MEMS micro-positioner provide rotary motion of the arm and each further comprise a linear MEMS actuator for selectively locking and unlocking the first MEMS micro-positioner or second MEMS micro-positioner with which they are associated in order to prevent and allow rotary motion respectively.
7. The device according to claim 2 , further comprising:
a first plurality of heaters disposed upon a substrate upon which the first MEMS micro-positioner is formed between the first MEMS micro-positioner and the non-suspended optical waveguide section and beneath the arm;
a second plurality of heaters disposed upon the substrate between the second MEMS micro-positioner and the non-suspended optical waveguide section and beneath the arm; wherein
the first and second pluralities of heaters allow a material disposed between the first and second pluralities of heaters and the arm to be liquefied when the first and second pluralities of heaters are activated allowing motion of the arm and then solidified when the first and second pluralities of heaters are de-activated to prevent motion of the arm.
8. The device according to claim 2 , wherein
the motion of the arm coupling the first MEMS micro-positioner and the second MEMS micro-positioner under action of the first electrostatic actuator and second electrostatic actuator is at least one of rotation and translation.
9. The device according to claim 1 , wherein
the motion of the arm under the action of the first portion of the first MEMS micro-positioner is rotation.
10. The device according to claim 1 , further comprising;
an anchor located disposed between the first portion of at a predetermined position with respect to an arm linking the first MEMS micro-positioner and the point at which the non-suspended optical waveguide section is supported by the arm.
11. The device according to claim 1 , wherein the arm comprises:
a first portion coupled to the first portion of the first MEMS micro-positioner;
a second portion supporting the non-suspended optical waveguide section of the optical waveguide structure; and
a third portion disposed between the first portion and the second portion; wherein the third portion acts a spring.
12. The device according to claim 1 , further comprising:
a plurality of heaters formed upon a substrate upon which the first MEMS micro-positioner is formed and disposed beneath the arm; wherein
the plurality of heaters allow a material disposed between the plurality of heaters and the arm to be liquefied when the plurality of heaters are activated allowing motion of the arm under the action of the first portion of the first MEMS micro-positioner and then solidified when the heaters are de-activated to prevent motion of the arm.
13. The device according to claim 1 , wherein
the first MEMS micro-positioner is one of a pair of MEMS micro-positioners;
the second distal end of the second suspended waveguide is coupled to a first end of another non-suspended optical waveguide section disposed upon an arm of the MEMS micro-positioner of the pair of MEMS micro-positioners;
a second distal end of the another non-suspended optical waveguide section is coupled to a first end of another suspended optical waveguide section.
14. The device according to claim 1 , wherein
the first MEMS micro-positioner comprises an electrostatic rotary actuator to move the non-suspended optical waveguide section and an electrostatic linear actuator for selectively locking and unlocking the first MEMS micro-positioner to prevent and allow rotary motion respectively.
15. The device according to claim 1 , further comprising:
an actuator control electrode; wherein
the arm comprises:
a first portion coupled to the first portion of the first MEMS micro-positioner;
a second portion supporting the non-suspended optical waveguide section of the optical waveguide structure; and
a third portion disposed between the first portion and the second portion; wherein the third portion acts a spring; and
the actuator control electrode is disposed adjacent an end of the second portion of the arm distal to the end of the second portion of the arm coupled to the third portion of the arm; and
activation of the actuator control electrode results in either electrostatic attraction or electrostatic repulsion between the second portion of the arm and the actuator control electrode.
16. The device according to claim 1 , further comprising:
a first actuator control electrode;
a second actuator control electrode; wherein
the arm comprises:
a first portion coupled to the first portion of the first MEMS micro-positioner;
a second portion supporting the non-suspended optical waveguide section of the optical waveguide structure; and
a third portion disposed between the first portion and the second portion; wherein the third portion acts a spring; and
the first actuator control electrode is disposed in a first position relative to an end of the second portion of the arm distal to the end of the second portion of the arm coupled to the third portion of the arm;
the second actuator control electrode is disposed in a second position relative to the end of the second portion of the arm distal to the end of the second portion of the arm coupled to the third portion of the arm;
activation of the first actuator control electrode results in either electrostatic attraction or electrostatic repulsion between the second portion of the arm and the actuator control electrode; and
activation of the second actuator control electrode results in either electrostatic attraction or electrostatic repulsion between the second portion of the arm and the actuator control electrode.
17. The device according to claim 1 , wherein
the optical waveguide, the first suspended optical waveguide section, the non-suspended optical waveguide section, and the second suspended waveguide each comprise a plurality of optical waveguides.
18. The device according to claim 1 , wherein
the first suspended optical waveguide section deforms under motion of the first MEMS micro-positioner such that a distance between end of the optical waveguide and the non-suspended optical waveguide section varies under the motion of the first MEMS micro-positioner.
19. The device according to claim 1 , further comprising
a pivot coupled to the first suspended optical waveguide section between the optical waveguide and the non-suspended optical waveguide section.
20. The device according to claim 1 , wherein
the optical waveguide comprises a first three-dimensional (3D) optical waveguide upon a carrier layer attached to the substrate;
the first suspended optical waveguide section comprises a second 3D optical waveguide comprising only the core;
the second suspended optical waveguide section comprises a third 3D optical waveguide comprising only the core; and
the non-suspended optical waveguide section comprises a fourth 3D optical waveguide upon the carrier layer; wherein
the first 3D optical waveguide and the fourth 3D optical waveguide each comprises a core formed from a first predetermined material, an upper cladding formed from a second predetermined material and a lower cladding formed from a third predetermined material.