Method for preventing line bending during metal fill process
Provided herein are methods and apparatuses for reducing line bending when depositing a metal such as tungsten, molybdenum, ruthenium, or cobalt into features on substrates by periodically exposing the feature to nitrogen, oxygen, or ammonia during atomic layer deposition, chemical vapor deposition, or sequential chemical vapor deposition to reduce interactions between metal deposited onto sidewalls of a feature. Methods are suitable for deposition into V-shaped features.
1. A method comprising:
(a) providing a substrate having a plurality of features spaced apart with a pitch between adjacent features of about 20 nm and about 40 nm, each feature having a feature opening width, wherein the width of the feature narrows from the top of the feature to the bottom of the feature;
(b) depositing a first amount of tungsten in the plurality of features on the substrate;
(c) after depositing the first amount of tungsten, exposing the first amount of tungsten in the plurality of features to a nitrogen-containing gas to inhibit tungsten nucleation at the bottom of the feature; and
(d) depositing a second amount of tungsten over the first amount of tungsten in the plurality of features.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nitrogen-containing gas reduces tungsten-tungsten bonding interactions between tungsten formed on sidewalls of each feature.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the width of the bottom of each feature is between 0 nm and 90% of the width at the top of the feature.
4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising filling the features with tungsten to thereby form lines, wherein total variance of the lines within the substrate calculated by σ=(σ 12 +σ 22 )½ where σ 1 is variable line-to-line width variance and σ 2 is within-line width variance is less than about 5 nm.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the width at the bottom 50% of the depth of each feature is between 0 nm and 20 nm.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first amount of tungsten is exposed to the nitrogen-containing gas at a substrate temperature less than about 500° C.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first amount of tungsten is exposed to the nitrogen-containing gas during the depositing of the second amount of tungsten over the first amount of tungsten.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second amount of tungsten is deposited by alternating pulses of hydrogen and a tungsten-containing precursor.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the first amount of tungsten is exposed to the nitrogen-containing gas during the pulse of hydrogen.
10. The method of claim 8 , wherein the first amount of tungsten is exposed to the nitrogen-containing gas during a pulse of the tungsten-containing precursor.
11. The method of claim 8 , wherein the first amount of tungsten is exposed to argon between the alternating pulses of the hydrogen and the tungsten-containing precursor.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the first amount of tungsten is exposed to the nitrogen-containing gas when the feature is exposed to the argon between the alternating pulses of the hydrogen and the tungsten-containing precursor.
13. A method comprising:
(a) providing a substrate having a plurality of features spaced apart with a pitch between adjacent features of about 20 nm and about 40 nm, each feature having a feature opening wherein the width of the feature narrows from the top of the feature to the bottom of the feature;
(b) depositing a first amount of a metal in the plurality of features on the substrate;
(c) after depositing the first amount of the metal, exposing the first amount of the metal in the plurality of features to an inhibition gas to inhibit tungsten nucleation at the bottom of the feature; and
(d) depositing a second amount of the metal over the first amount of the metal in the plurality of features.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of ruthenium, molybdenum, and cobalt.
15. The method of claim 13 , wherein the inhibition gas is selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, ammonia, and combinations thereof.
16. The method of claim 13 , wherein the inhibition gas reduces metal-metal bonding interactions between metal formed sidewalls of each feature.
17. The method of claim 13 , wherein the width of the bottom of each feature is between 0 nm and 90% of the width at the top of the feature.
18. The method of claim 13 , further comprising filling the features with the metal to thereby form lines, wherein total variance of the lines within the substrate calculated by σ=(σ 12 +σ 22 )½ where σ 1 is variable line-to-line width variance and σ 2 is within-line width variance is less than about 5 nm.
19. The method of claim 13 , wherein the width at the bottom 50% of the depth of the feature is between 0 nm and 20 nm.
20. A method comprising:
(a) providing a substrate having a plurality of features spaced apart with a pitch between adjacent features of about 20 nm and about 40 nm, each feature having a feature opening wherein the width of the feature narrows from the top of the feature to the bottom of the feature;
(b) depositing a first amount of bulk metal in the plurality of features on the substrate by alternating pulses of hydrogen and a metal-containing precursor;
(c) exposing the first amount of bulk metal to an inhibition gas to inhibit metal nucleation at the bottom of the feature; and
(d) after (c), depositing a second amount of bulk metal over the first amount of bulk metal in the plurality of features.