Non-racemic beta-hydroxybutyrate compounds and compositions enriched with the R-enantiomer and methods of use
Ketogenic compositions including a non-racemic mixture of beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) enriched with the R-enantiomer are formulated to increase ketone body level in a subject. The non-racemic mixture of BHB is enriched with the R-enantiomer to elevate ketone bodies and increase the rate at which ketosis is achieved yet contains an amount of the S-enantiomer sufficient to provide alternative benefits as discussed herein. In some aspects a composition for increasing ketone body level in a subject contains a dietetically or pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a non-racemic mixture of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and S-beta-hydroxybutyrate, wherein the non-racemic mixture of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and S-beta-hydroxybutyrate contains from about 51% to 99.5% by enantiomeric equivalents of the R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and from about 49% to about 0.5% by enantiomeric equivalents of S-beta-hydroxybutyrate enantiomer.
1. A composition for administering ketone bodies to a subject, comprising:
a non-racemic mixture of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and S-beta-hydroxybutyrate containing more than 50% and up to 89% by enantiomeric equivalents of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and less than 50% and at least 11% by enantiomeric equivalents of S-beta-hydroxybutyrate, with the proviso that the non-racemic mixture contains no more than 88% by enantiomeric equivalents of mono-ester of R-1,3-butanediol and R-beta-hydroxybutyrate,
wherein the composition is provided as or in a tablet, capsule, powder, food product, food additive, flavored beverage, vitamin fortified beverage, non-alcoholic beverage, flavored beverage additive, vitamin fortified beverage additive, non-alcoholic beverage additive, candy, sucker, pastille, food supplement, flavored mouth spray, or suppository.
2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the non-racemic mixture contains from 51% to 89% by enantiomeric equivalents of the R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and 49% to 11% by enantiomeric equivalents of the S-beta-hydroxybutyrate.
3. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the non-racemic mixture contains from 52% to 89% by enantiomeric equivalents of the R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and 48% to 11% by enantiomeric equivalents of the S-beta-hydroxybutyrate.
4. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the non-racemic mixture contains from 53% to 89% by enantiomeric equivalents of the R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and 47% to 11% by enantiomeric equivalents of the S-beta-hydroxybutyrate.
5. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the non-racemic mixture contains from 57% to 87% by enantiomeric equivalents of the R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and 43% to 13% by enantiomeric equivalents of the S-beta-hydroxybutyrate.
6. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the non-racemic mixture comprises one or more salts of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and/or one or more salts of S-beta-hydroxybutyrate.
7. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the non-racemic mixture comprises one or more esters of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and/or one or more esters of S-beta-hydroxybutyrate.
8. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the non-racemic mixture comprises R-beta-hydroxybutyric acid and/or S-beta-hydroxybutyric acid.
9. The composition of claim 1 , further comprising at least one medium chain fatty acid having 6 to 12 carbons, or a mono-, di- or triglyceride of the at least one medium chain fatty acid.
10. The composition of claim 1 , further comprising at least one short chain fatty acid having fewer than 6 carbons, or a mono-, di- or triglyceride of the at least one medium chain fatty acid.
11. The composition of claim 1 , further comprising at least one long chain fatty acid having more than 12 carbons, or a mono-, di- or triglyceride of the at least one long chain fatty acid.
12. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the non-racemic mixture comprises at least one R-beta-hydroxybutyrate ester selected from the group consisting of mono-ester of ethanol, mono-ester of 1-propanol, mono- or di-ester of 1,3-propanediol, mono- or di-ester of S-1,3-butanediol, mono- or di-ester of R-1,3-butanediol, mono- or di-ester of S—R-1,3-butanediol, and mono-, di-, or tri-ester of glycerin.
13. A composition for administering ketone bodies to a subject, comprising:
a dietetically or pharmaceutically acceptable carrier selected from the group consisting of tablet, capsule, powder, food product, food additive, flavored beverage, vitamin fortified beverage, non-alcoholic beverage, flavored beverage additive, vitamin fortified beverage additive, non-alcoholic beverage additive, candy, sucker, pastille, food supplement, flavored mouth spray, and suppository; and
a non-racemic mixture of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and S-beta-hydroxybutyrate containing more than 50% and up to 89% by enantiomeric equivalents of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and less than 50% and at least 11% by enantiomeric equivalents of S-beta-hydroxybutyrate, with the proviso that the non-racemic mixture contains no more than 88% by enantiomeric equivalents of mono-ester of R-1,3-butanediol and R-beta-hydroxybutyrate.
14. A kit for administering ketone bodies to a subject, comprising: the composition of claim 1 ; a container in which the composition is placed, wherein the container is selected from the group consisting of carton, box, can, jar, bag, pouch, bottle, jug, and keg; and a measuring device configured to hold therein a unit dose, or fraction thereof, of the composition, wherein a unit dose of the composition contains about 0.5 g to about 25 g of the non-racemic mixture of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and S-beta-hydroxybutyrate, wherein the measuring device is selected from the group consisting of cup, scoop, syringe, dropper, spoon, and colonic irrigation device.
15. The kit of claim 14 , the composition further comprising at least one medium chain fatty acid having 6 to 12 carbons, or a mono-, di- or triglyceride of the at least one medium chain fatty acid.
16. A composition for increasing ketone body level in a subject, comprising:
a non-racemic mixture of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and S-beta-hydroxybutyrate,
wherein the non-racemic mixture contains from 51% to 89% by enantiomeric equivalents of the R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and 49% to 11% by enantiomeric equivalents of the S-beta-hydroxybutyrate,
wherein the non-racemic mixture comprises one or more salts of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate.
17. A composition for increasing ketone body level in a subject, comprising:
a non-racemic mixture of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and S-beta-hydroxybutyrate containing more than 50% and up to 89% by enantiomeric equivalents of the R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and less than 50% and at least 11% by enantiomeric equivalents of the S-beta-hydroxybutyrate,
wherein the non-racemic mixture comprises one or more salts or esters of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate with the proviso that the non-racemic mixture contains less than 85% by enantiomeric equivalents of mono-ester of R-1,3-butanediol and R-beta-hydroxybutyrate.
18. A composition for increasing ketone body level in a subject, comprising:
a non-racemic mixture of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and S-beta-hydroxybutyrate containing more than 50% and up to 89% by enantiomeric equivalents of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and less than 50% and at least 11% by enantiomeric equivalents of S-beta-hydroxybutyrate, and
at least one short-, medium-, or long-chain fatty acid, or a mono-, di- or triglyceride of the at least one short-, medium-, or long-chain fatty acid.
19. The kit of claim 14 , wherein the non-racemic mixture comprises 51% to 99.5% by enantiomeric equivalents of the R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and 49% to 0.5% by enantiomeric equivalents of the S-beta-hydroxybutyrate.
20. The kit of claim 14 , wherein the non-racemic mixture contains from 52% to 99% by enantiomeric equivalents of the R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and 48% to 1% by enantiomeric equivalents of the S-beta-hydroxybutyrate.