Nanoparticle modification and perforation of graphene
Multi-layer sheets of graphene-based material having a plurality of pores extending therethrough are described herein. Methods for making the sheets are also provided and include exposing a graphene-based material comprising multilayer graphene having from 2 to 10 layers of graphene to a particle beam comprising nanoparticles, the nanoparticles having an energy of at least 2 keV per nanoparticle.
1. A method for perforating a sheet of graphene-based material, the method comprising the steps of:
a) disposing a sheet of graphene-based material, comprising at least 20 atomic percentage graphene, on a porous substrate, the graphene-based material comprising multi-layer graphene having from 2 to 10 graphene layers, wherein at least two of the graphene layers are independently stacked;
b) exposing the sheet of graphene-based material comprising multi-layer graphene to a particle beam comprising core shell nanoparticles or silica coated metal nanoparticles, the nanoparticles having energy from 2 keV to 500 keV per nanoparticle, thereby perforating the sheet of graphene-based material;
c) irradiating the graphene-based material with an ion beam prior to step b) and after step a) wherein ions of the ion beam have an ion energy from 50 eV to 10 keV and a fluence from 3×10 10 ions/cm 2 to 8×10 11 ions/cm 2 ,
wherein each nanoparticle comprises a plurality of atoms and an energy from 0.05 to 50 eV per atom, and
wherein a fluence is from 1×10 8 —1×10 12 NPs/cm 2 .
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the multi-layer graphene has from 2 to 5 layers.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticle has a size of from 2 nm to 50 nm.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticles comprise a metal selected from the group consisting of Al, Ag, Au, Ti, Cu and combinations thereof.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the perforating the sheet of graphene based material opens a plurality of pores extending therethrough, and a size of pores of the plurality of pores is from 1 to 100 nm.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the perforating the sheet of graphene based material opens a plurality of pores extending therethrough, and a size of pores of the plurality of pores is from 1 to 50 nm.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method further includes a step of exposing the graphene-based material to ultraviolet light and oxygen prior to step b) and after step a).