Fuel cell graphene-based material for capturing catalyst particles
A fuel cell catalyst layer includes a catalyst support, a catalyst material, and a graphene-based material. The catalyst material includes catalyst particles in an atomic form at a beginning of operation or life of the fuel cell catalyst layer. The graphene-based material includes defects capturing dissolved particles ionized from the atomic form after the beginning of operation or life of the fuel cell catalyst layer.
1 . A fuel cell catalyst layer comprising:
a catalyst support;
a catalyst material including catalyst particles in an atomic form at a beginning of operation or life of the fuel cell catalyst layer; and
a graphene-based material including defects capturing dissolved catalyst particles ionized from the atomic form after the beginning of operation or life of the fuel cell catalyst layer.
2 . The fuel cell catalyst layer of claim 1 , wherein the captured catalyst particles contact the graphene-based material to maintain a catalytic activity of the captured catalyst particles.
3 . The fuel cell catalyst layer of claim 1 , wherein the defects capture the dissolved catalyst particles during voltage changes in fuel cell operation.
4 . The fuel cell catalyst layer of claim 1 , wherein the graphene-based material includes graphene nanoflakes.
5 . The fuel cell catalyst layer of claim 4 , wherein the graphene nanoflakes are dispersed within the fuel cell catalyst layer.
6 . The fuel cell catalyst layer of claim 1 , wherein the graphene-based material is coated onto the fuel cell catalyst layer.
7 . The fuel cell catalyst layer of claim 1 , wherein a portion of the graphene-based material is located a distance of 0.2 to 2.0 nanometers from a portion of the catalyst particles.
8 . The fuel cell catalyst layer of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst material includes pure Pt, Pt-M alloy where M is a metal, other platinum group members (PGM), PGM-M alloy system, non-PGM catalyst materials, and combinations thereof.
9 . The fuel cell catalyst layer of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst support is a carbon-based catalyst support.
10 . The fuel cell catalyst layer of claim 1 , wherein the defects include one or more vacated carbon atoms.
11 . A fuel cell comprising:
a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM);
first and second catalyst layers situating the PEM therebetween, the first catalyst layer including a first catalyst support, a first catalyst material including first catalyst particles in an atomic form at a beginning of operation or life of the fuel cell, and a first graphene-based material including first defects capturing first dissolved catalyst particles ionized from the atomic form after the beginning of operation or life of the fuel cell, the second catalyst layer including a second catalyst support, a second catalyst material including second catalyst particles in the atomic form at the beginning of operation or life of the fuel cell, and second graphene-based material including second defects capturing second dissolved catalyst particles ionized from the atomic form after the beginning of operation or life of the fuel cell, thereby reducing loss of active catalyst particles.
12 . The fuel cell of claim 11 , further comprising first and second interfaces between first and second catalyst layers, respectively, and the PEM, wherein the first and second interfaces are free of the first and second dissolved catalyst particles during a negative voltage sweep.
13 . The fuel cell of claim 11 , wherein the PEM is free of the first and second dissolved catalyst particles during a negative voltage sweep.
14 . The fuel cell of claim 11 , wherein the first and second defects capture the first and second catalyst particles, respectively, during voltage changes in operation of the fuel cell.
15 . The fuel cell of claim 11 , wherein the first and second graphene-based materials include graphene nanoflakes.
16 . The fuel cell of claim 11 , wherein the graphene nanoflakes are dispersed within the first and second fuel cell catalyst layers.
17 . A method of operating a fuel cell, the method comprising:
beginning operation of the fuel cell at a beginning of operation or life, the fuel cell including a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) and first and second catalyst layers situating the PEM therebetween, the first catalyst layer including a first catalyst support, a first catalyst material including first catalyst particles in an atomic form at the beginning of operation or life of the fuel cell, and a first graphene-based material including first defects, the second catalyst layer including a second catalyst support, a second catalyst material including second catalyst particles in the atomic form at the beginning of operation or life of the fuel cell, and second graphene-based material including second defects;
capturing, within the first defects, first dissolved catalyst particles ionized from the atomic form after the beginning of operation or life and during operation of the fuel cell to form first captured catalyst particles; and
capturing, within the second defects, second dissolved catalyst particles ionized from the atomic form after beginning of operation or life and during operation of the fuel cell to form second captured catalyst particles.
18 . The method of claim 17 , further comprising preventing the first and second dissolved catalyst particles from migrating into the PEM.
19 . The method of claim 17 , wherein the fuel cell includes first and second interfaces between first and second catalyst layers, respectively, and the PEM, and further comprising preventing the first and second dissolved catalyst particles from migrating into the first and second interfaces.
20 . The method of claim 17 , further comprising negative sweeping the fuel cell to ionize the first and second captured catalyst particles to form ionized first and second captured catalyst particles and to redeposit the ionized first and second captured catalyst particles within the first and second catalyst layers, respectively.