Toner
A toner comprising a toner particle having a binder resin and a colorant, and metal titanate fine particles, wherein the toner particle includes a polyvalent metal element having an electric resistivity of from 2.5×10 −8 Ω·m to 10.0×10 −8 Ω·m; the amount of the polyvalent metal element in the toner particle is from 0.080 μmol/g to 20.000 μmol/g; the metal titanate fine particles have a perovskite crystal structure; and the number average particle diameter of primary particles of the metal titanate fine particles is from 10 nm to 80 nm.
1. A toner comprising:
a toner particle containing a binder resin and a colorant; and
metal titanate fine particles having a perovskite crystal structure on a surface of the toner particle, wherein
the toner particle includes a polyvalent metal element having an electric resistivity at 20° C. of 2.5×10 −8 to 10.0×10 −8 Ω·m,
the amount of the polyvalent metal element in the toner particle is 0.080 to 20.000 μmol/g,
the number average particle diameter of primary particles of the metal titanate fine particles is 10 to 80 nm,
a fixing ratio of the metal titanate fine particles to the toner particle is 60 to 100% as determined by comparing X-ray fluorescence analyses of a tablet of 1 g unwashed toner with a tablet of 1 g washed toner, the washed toner being prepared by adding 1 g of unwashed toner to a centrifuge tube containing a dispersion of (i) 31 g of a solution of 100 ml ion exchanged water and 160 g sucrose and (ii) 6 ml of a 10% by mass aqueous solution at pH 7 consisting of a nonionic surfactant, an anionic surfactant and an organic builder, shaking the centrifuge tube at 5.8 s −1 for 20 min, transferring the solution from the shaken centrifuge tube to a 50 ml glass tube and centrifuging the glass tube at 58.3 s −1 for 30 min to separate the toner, collecting separated washed toner from the glass tube, and vacuum filtering and drying the washed toner, and
a coverage ratio of the surface of the toner particle with the metal titanate fine particles measured with an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer is 0.5 to 20.0% by area.
2. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein the polyvalent metal element is at least one member selected from the group consisting of aluminum, iron, magnesium and calcium.
3. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein the binder resin includes a carboxyl group, and
the polyvalent metal element is at least one member selected from the group consisting of aluminum, iron, magnesium and calcium such that
when the polyvalent metal element includes aluminum, the amount of aluminum in the toner particle is 0.080 to 0.400 μmol/g,
when the polyvalent metal element includes iron, the amount of iron in the toner particle is 0.250 to 1.250 μmol/g,
when the polyvalent metal element includes magnesium, the amount of magnesium in the toner particle is 2.000 to 20.000 μmol/g, and
when the polyvalent metal element includes calcium, the amount of calcium in the toner particle is 2.000 to 20.000 μmol/g.
4. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein the metal titanate fine particles include strontium titanate fine particles.
5. The toner according to claim 4 , wherein in an X-ray diffraction spectrum of CuKα obtained in the range of 2θ of 10° to 90°, with θ being a Bragg angle of the strontium titanate fine particles,
peaks derived from the strontium titanate fine particles are at 39.700°±0.150° and 46.200°±0.150°, and
Sb/Sa is 1.80 to 2.30 when an area of the peak at 39.700°±0.150° is denoted by Sa and an area of the peak at 46.200°±0.150° is denoted by Sb.
6. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein the number average particle diameter of primary particles of the metal titanate fine particles is 10 to 60 nm.
7. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein the binder resin has an acid value of 1.0 to 40.0 mg KOH/g.
8. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein the toner particle is an emulsion aggregation toner particle.