Doubly-resonant electro-optic conversion using a superconducting microwave resonator
A doubly resonant electro-optic converter is provided. An optical resonator and a microwave resonator are disposed such that fields from the two resonators can interact in an electro-optic active medium. The optical resonator is a planar photonic crystal optical resonator, and the microwave resonator is at least partially superconducting in operation. The active medium has a second order nonlinearity capable of generating a sum frequency signal and/or a difference frequency signal from the optical and microwave fields. The resulting structure has both quantum and classical applications.
1. Apparatus for providing coherent coupling between an optical signal and a microwave signal, the apparatus comprising:
a planar photonic crystal optical resonator;
a microwave resonator disposed to interact with the planar photonic crystal optical resonator, wherein at least part of the microwave resonator is configured to be superconducting when the apparatus is operating;
an active medium disposed such that first electromagnetic field from the planar photonic crystal optical resonator and second electromagnetic field from the microwave resonator overlap within the active medium;
wherein the active medium has a second order nonlinearity capable of generating a sum frequency signal and/or a difference frequency signal from the first and second electromagnetic fields.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising an optical source configured to provide an optical pump field to the planar photonic crystal optical resonator, whereby coherent coupling between the planar photonic crystal optical resonator and the microwave resonator is provided.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the apparatus is configured to provide quantum coherent coupling between the planar photonic crystal optical resonator and the microwave resonator.
4. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the apparatus is configured to provide classical coherent coupling between the planar photonic crystal optical resonator and the microwave resonator.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the planar photonic crystal optical resonator is configured as a 1-D photonic crystal resonator or as a 2-D photonic crystal resonator.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the microwave resonator includes a planar capacitor having capacitor plates disposed to sandwich the planar photonic crystal optical resonator.
7. The apparatus of claim 6 , wherein the microwave resonator is an LC resonator having capacitance provided by the planar capacitor and inductance provided by a Josephson junction array.
8. The apparatus of claim 6 , wherein the microwave resonator is an LC resonator having capacitance provided by the planar capacitor and inductance provided by a spiral inductor.
9. The apparatus of claim 6 , wherein the microwave resonator is an LC resonator having capacitance provided by the planar capacitor and inductance provided by a meander inductor.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the active medium is configured as a substrate on which the planar photonic crystal optical resonator and the microwave resonator are disposed.
11. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the planar photonic crystal optical resonator includes the active medium.
12. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the active medium is configured as a layer of active medium disposed on a substrate of a different material.
13. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the active medium is configured as a layer of active medium suspended over a substrate.
14. The apparatus of claim 13 , wherein the active medium includes an acoustic insulator structure configured to reduce acoustic radiation away from the microwave resonator.
15. The apparatus of claim 14 , wherein the acoustic insulator structure includes a photonic crystal structure.
16. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the active medium is selected from the group consisting of: lithium niobate, lithium tantalate, and gallium arsenide.
17. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the microwave resonator is configured to apply a DC electric field to the optical resonator, thereby altering an optical resonance frequency of the optical resonator.
18. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the planar photonic crystal optical resonator includes a waveguide having a slot, and wherein the active medium is disposed in the slot.
19. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the active medium comprises an electro-optic polymer.