Integration of ALD copper with high temperature PVD copper deposition for BEOL interconnect
Methods and apparatus to fill a feature with a seamless gapfill of copper are described. A copper gapfill seed layer is deposited on a substrate surface by atomic layer deposition followed by a copper deposition by physical vapor deposition to fill the gap with copper.
1. A method of gapfilling, the method comprising:
forming a copper gapfill seed layer by atomic layer deposition (ALD) on a substrate surface having a feature thereon, the atomic layer deposition occurring at a first temperature; and
filling the feature with copper by physical vapor deposition (PVD) at a second temperature greater than the first temperature to form a seam-free gapfill film,
wherein forming the copper gapfill seed layer comprises depositing a copper nitride film and converting the copper nitride film to a copper film by thermal decomposition prior to filling the feature with copper by PVD or at the same time as filling the feature with copper by PVD.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein forming the copper gapfill seed layer comprises depositing a metallic copper film.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the substrate surface has a tantalum nitride film thereon and the copper gapfill seed layer is formed on the tantalum nitride film.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the copper gapfill seed layer is formed directly on the tantalum nitride film.
5. The method of claim 3 , wherein the substrate surface further comprises a cobalt liner on the tantalum nitride film and the copper gapfill seed layer is formed on the cobalt liner.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the substrate surface comprises a metal underlayer with a patterned dielectric layer thereon, the feature formed in the patterned dielectric layer with the metal underlayer as the bottom of the feature.
7. The method of claim 6 , further comprising a tantalum nitride layer formed on a top surface and feature sidewalls of the patterned dielectric layer.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the tantalum nitride layer is also formed on the metal underlayer at the bottom of the feature.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the copper gapfill seed layer is a continuous film having a thickness less than or equal to about 3 nm.
10. A method comprising:
providing a substrate having a metal underlayer with a patterned dielectric layer thereon, the patterned dielectric layer defining one or more features in a surface of the substrate, the features having sidewalls and a bottom, the sidewalls comprising the patterned dielectric layer and the bottom comprising the metal underlayer;
forming a diffusion barrier on the substrate surface and on the sidewalls of the features;
forming an optional liner on the diffusion barrier on the substrate surface, sidewalls of the features and on the bottom of the features;
forming a copper gapfill seed layer by atomic layer deposition (ALD) at a first temperature on the substrate surface; and
filling the feature with copper by physical vapor deposition (PVD) at a second temperature greater than the first temperature to form a seam-free gapfill film,
wherein forming the copper gapfill seed layer comprises depositing a copper nitride film and converting the copper nitride film to a copper film by thermal decomposition prior to filling the feature with copper by PVD or at the same time as filling the feature with copper by PVD.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein forming the copper gapfill seed layer comprises depositing a metallic copper film.
12. The method of claim 10 , wherein with feature has a width in the range of about 12 to about 20 nm, the diffusion barrier has a thickness of about 1 nm, the optional liner has a thickness of about 1 nm to about 1.5 nm, and the copper gapfill seed layer has a thickness in the range of about 2 to about 2.5 nm.
13. The method of claim 10 , wherein the liner comprises one or more of cobalt or ruthenium.