Additive manufactured heater elements for propeller ice protection
An additively manufactured heating element is printed on a flexible substrate and attached to an aircraft component having a complex geometric surface. The heating element is made of a plurality of layers of a conductive ink, which is electrically connected to a controller through one or more leads.
1. An assembly comprising:
a component requiring heating, wherein the component has a curved surface;
a flexible substrate on the component;
a heating element on the flexible substrate which adheres to and matches the geometry of the curved surface of the component, wherein the heating element is additively manufactured such that it includes a plurality of layers of a conductive ink containing loaded particles selected from the group consisting of carbon, nano-carbon, and nano-silver particles, the heating element has a thickness between 0.0001 inches and 0.010 inches and includes a first portion with a first power density and a second portion with a second power density that is different than the first power density, and the plurality of layers of the conductive ink are arranged in a geometric pattern configured to provide redundant paths;
one or more leads electrically connected to the heating element; and
a controller electrically connected to the heating element through the one or more leads.
2. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein the component comprises a propeller.
3. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein the flexible substrate is selected from the group consisting of neoprene, TPU, urethane, glass fabric, pre-impregnated fabric, and combinations thereof.
4. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein the heating element is selected from the group consisting of conductive ink loaded with metallic materials, metallic alloys, composite materials, carbon allotropes, and combinations thereof.
5. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein the heating element is encapsulated with a dielectric material selected from the group consisting of acrylic, neoprene, polyurethane, silicone, and an epoxy-fiberglass matrix.
6. A heater for a component with a curved surface, the heater comprising:
a flexible substrate; and
a heating element thereon which adheres to and matches the geometry of the curved surface of the component, the heating element comprising a plurality of layers of conductive ink containing loaded particles selected from the group consisting of carbon, nano-carbon, and nano-silver particles, wherein the heating element has a thickness between 0.0001 inches and 0.010 inches and includes a first portion with a first power density and a second portion with a second power density that is different than the first power density, and wherein the plurality of layers of the conductive ink are arranged in a geometric pattern configured to provide redundant paths.
7. The heater of claim 6 , wherein the heating element has a resistance between 0.1 ohms and 60 ohms.
8. The heater of claim 7 , wherein the heating element has a resistance between 2 ohms and 5 ohms.
9. The heater of claim 6 , wherein the conductive ink contains up to 70% loaded particles.
10. The heater of claim 9 , wherein the conductive ink contains up to 60% loaded particles.
11. The heater of claim 10 , wherein the conductive ink contains up to 50% loaded particles.
12. A method of making a heater comprising:
additively manufacturing a conductive ink structure having a plurality of layers onto a flexible substrate to make a heating element, wherein the heating element has a thickness between 0.0001 inches and 0.010 inches and includes a first portion with a first power density and a second portion with a second power density that is different than the first power density, and wherein the plurality of layers of the conductive ink are arranged in a geometric pattern configured to provide redundant paths;
electrically connecting the heating element with one or more leads; and
attaching the flexible substrate with the heating element to a component surface wherein the component surface is curved and the flexible substrate with the heating element adheres to and matches the geometry of the component surface.
13. The method of claim 12 , further comprising encapsulating the heating element.
14. The method of claim 12 , wherein the conductive ink structure comprises carbon, nano-carbon, or nano-silver particles.
15. The method of claim 12 , wherein additively manufacturing comprises screen printing, ink-jet printing, or aerosol-jet printing.