Reconfigurable optical antenna coupler

1. An optical antenna coupler, comprising:

a base body, the base body comprising a first waveguide and a second waveguide; and

a plurality of antenna coupler elements positioned above an upper surface of the base body that are adapted to be irradiated by an incident light, wherein the plurality of antenna coupler elements comprises at least one variable optical characteristics (VOC) antenna coupler element that comprises a VOC material, wherein the at least one VOC antenna coupler element is operatively coupled to a first energy source, the at least one VOC antenna coupler element being adapted to be transitioned from a metallic state to an insulator state and vice versa, wherein, in the metallic state, substantially all of the incident light is directed out of the optical antenna coupler via the first waveguide while substantially no amount of the incident light is directed out of the optical antenna coupler via the second waveguide and wherein, in the insulator state, substantially all of the incident light is directed out of the optical antenna coupler via the second waveguide while substantially no amount of the incident light is directed out of the optical antenna coupler via the first waveguide.

2. The optical antenna coupler of claim 1 , wherein the at least one VOC antenna coupler element comprises a phase-change material and wherein the at least one VOC antenna coupler element is adapted to be maintained in the metallic state or transitioned from the insulator state to the metallic state by application of an energy from the first energy source to the at least one VOC antenna coupler element.

3. The optical antenna coupler of claim 1 , wherein the at least one VOC antenna coupler element comprises a transparent conducting oxide (TCO) material and wherein the at least one VOC antenna coupler element is adapted to be maintained in the insulator state or transitioned from the metallic state to the insulator state by application of an energy from the first energy source to the at least one VOC antenna coupler element.

4. The optical antenna coupler of claim 1 , wherein all of the plurality of antenna coupler elements comprise the same VOC material.

5. The optical antenna coupler of claim 1 , wherein all of the plurality of antenna coupler elements comprise a same phase-change material or a same transparent conducting oxide (TCO) material.

6. The optical antenna coupler of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the plurality of antenna coupler elements comprises one of silicon, polysilicon, amorphous silicon, silicon nitride, a metal-containing material, a substantially pure metal or a dielectric material having a refractive index that falls within the range of about 1.8-5 at a wavelength of 1.31 μm.

7. The optical antenna coupler of claim 2 , wherein the phase-change material comprises at least one of a chalcogenide alloy, a material comprising Ge—Sb—Te (GST), GS2Sb 2 Te 5 , a material comprising Ge—Sb—Se—Te (GSST), GS2Sb 2 Se 4 TS1, VO 2 , ITO, graphene or MoS 2 , and the base body comprises at least one of crystallized silicon, polysilicon, amorphous silicon, a metal-containing material, a substantially pure metal, silicon nitride, a dielectric material with a refractive index that falls within the range of about 1.8-5 at a wavelength of 1.31 μm.

8. The optical antenna coupler of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the plurality of antenna coupler elements comprises a non-phase change material.

9. The optical antenna coupler of claim 8 , wherein the base body and the at least one of the plurality of antenna coupler elements comprised of the non-phase-change material are made of a same material.

10. The optical antenna coupler of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of antenna coupler elements are positioned on and in contact with the upper surface of the base body.

11. The optical antenna coupler of claim 1 , wherein the first energy source is adapted to supply one of an electrical voltage, an electrical current, a thermal energy or an optical energy to the at least one VOC antenna coupler element.

12. An optical antenna coupler, comprising:

a base body, the base body comprising a first waveguide and a second waveguide;

a plurality of antenna coupler elements positioned above an upper surface of the base body that are adapted to be irradiated by an incident light, wherein the plurality of antenna coupler elements comprises a first variable optical characteristics (VOC) antenna coupler element that comprises a first VOC material and a second variable optical characteristics (VOC) antenna coupler element that comprises a second VOC material;

a first energy source that is operatively coupled to the first VOC antenna coupler element and adapted to apply a first energy to the first VOC antenna coupler element; and

a second energy source that is operatively coupled to the second VOC antenna coupler element and adapted to apply a second energy to the second VOC antenna coupler element, wherein the optical antenna coupler is adapted to be positioned in first and second operational states, wherein, in the first operational state, substantially all of the incident light is directed out of the optical antenna coupler via the first waveguide while substantially no amount of the incident light is directed out of the optical antenna coupler via the second waveguide and wherein, in the second operational state, substantially all of the incident light is directed out of the optical antenna coupler via the second waveguide while substantially no amount of the incident light is directed out of the optical antenna coupler via the first waveguide.

13. The optical antenna coupler of claim 12 , wherein the first VOC antenna coupler element comprises a first phase-change material and the second VOC antenna coupler element comprises a second phase-change material, wherein the first VOC antenna coupler element and the second VOC antenna coupler element, respectively, are adapted to be maintained in a metallic state or transitioned from an insulator state to the metallic state by application of an energy from the first and second energy sources, respectively, to the first and second VOC antenna coupler elements, respectively.

14. The optical antenna coupler of claim 12 , wherein the first VOC antenna coupler element comprises a first transparent conducting oxide (TCO) material and the second VOC antenna coupler element comprises a second transparent conducting oxide (TCO) material, wherein the first VOC antenna coupler element and the second VOC antenna coupler element, respectively, are adapted to be maintained in an insulator state or transitioned from a metallic state to the insulator state by application of an energy from the first and second energy sources, respectively, to the first and second VOC antenna coupler elements, respectively.

15. The optical antenna coupler of claim 12 , wherein the first and second VOC materials are a same VOC material.

16. The optical antenna coupler of claim 12 , wherein all of the plurality of antenna coupler elements comprise the same VOC material.

17. The optical antenna coupler of claim 12 , wherein all of the plurality of antenna coupler elements comprise a same phase-change material or a same transparent conducting oxide (TCO) material.

18. The optical antenna coupler of claim 12 wherein at least one of the plurality of antenna coupler elements comprises one of silicon, polysilicon, amorphous silicon, silicon nitride, a metal-containing material, a substantially pure metal or a dielectric material having a refractive index that falls within the range of about 1.8-5 at a wavelength of 1.31 μm.

19. The optical antenna coupler of claim 12 , wherein, in the first operational state of the optical antenna coupler, the first VOC antenna coupler element is in a metallic state and the second VOC antenna element is in an insulator state and wherein, in the second operational state of the optical antenna coupler, the first VOC antenna coupler element is in an insulator state and the second VOC antenna element is in a metallic state.

20. An optical antenna coupler, comprising:

a base body, the base body comprising a first waveguide and a second waveguide;

a plurality of antenna coupler elements positioned above an upper surface of the base body that are adapted to be irradiated by an incident light, wherein the plurality of antenna coupler elements comprises:

a first variable optical characteristics (VOC) antenna coupler element that comprises a first VOC material;

a second variable optical characteristics (VOC) antenna coupler element that comprises a second VOC material; and

a third antenna coupler element comprised of one of silicon, polysilicon, amorphous silicon, silicon nitride, a metal-containing material, a substantially pure metal or a dielectric material having a refractive index that falls within the range of about 1.8-5 at a wavelength of 1.31 μm;

a first energy source that is operatively coupled to the first VOC antenna coupler element and adapted to apply a first energy to the first VOC antenna coupler element; and

a second antenna coupler element that is operatively coupled to the second VOC antenna coupler element and adapted to apply a second energy to the second VOC antenna coupler element, wherein the optical antenna coupler is adapted to be positioned in first and second operational states, wherein, in the first operational state, substantially all of the incident light is directed out of the optical antenna coupler via the first waveguide while substantially no amount of the incident light is directed out of the optical antenna coupler via the second waveguide and wherein, in the second operational state, substantially all of the incident light is directed out of the optical antenna coupler via the second waveguide while substantially no amount of the incident light is directed out of the optical antenna coupler via the first waveguide.