Biopolymer scaffold implants and methods for their production
Compositions and blends of biopolymers and bio-acceptable polymers are described, along with the use of benign solvent systems to prepare biocompatible scaffolds and surgically implantable devices for use in supporting and facilitating the repair of soft tissue injuries.
1. An implantable biopolymer scaffold for supporting the repair of a soft tissue injury comprising at least one biopolymer sheet comprising electrospun biopolymer fibers, wherein the electrospun biopolymer fibers comprise:
about 10 to 50% by weight of collagen, and about 50 to 90% by weight of a bio-acceptable polymer selected from the group consisting of PDLA, PDLLA, PLGA, poly(glycolic acid) and mixtures thereof;
wherein the biopolymer fibers are electrospun from a DMSO solvent system comprising about 40 to 100% by volume of DMSO and about 0 to 60% by volume of a solvent selected from the group consisting of ethanol, tetrahydrofuran and acetic acid and are not chemically cross-linked; and wherein the biopolymer scaffold has one or more of the following characteristics:
(i) an average porosity of about 50 to 150 microns as determined by mercury porosimetry;
(ii) an absorbance of about its weight in blood in about 5 min and an absorbance of about twice its weight in blood in about 20 minutes when measured in vitro;
(iii) an average fiber diameter in the range of about 150-4,500 nm;
(iv) substantial in vivo cell infiltration into the scaffold within about two weeks following implantation; and
(v) average configuration of the pores is substantially in the shape of a slit relative to other configurations including elliptical or random pore configurations.
2. The implantable biopolymer scaffold according to claim 1 , wherein the electrospun biopolymer fibers are electrospun from a DMSO solvent system comprising about 100% by volume of DMSO.
3. The implantable biopolymer scaffold of claim 1 , wherein the collagen is selected from the group of type I collagens consisting of atelocollagen, telocollagen, recombinant human collagen and mixtures thereof.
4. The implantable biopolymer scaffold according to claim 1 , wherein the electrospun biopolymer fibers comprise about 20 to 35% by weight of Type I collagen and about 65 to 80% by weight of the bio-acceptable polymer.
5. The implantable biopolymer scaffold according claim 1 , wherein the scaffold has an inner surface having substantially aligned biopolymer fibers and an outer surface having fibers that are not substantially aligned.
6. An implantable ligament and tendon repair device comprising:
at least one biopolymer sheet of substantially aligned, electrospun biopolymer fibers;
wherein the biopolymer fibers comprise about 10 to 50% by weight of collagen and about 50 to 90% by weight of one or more DMSO-soluble, bio-acceptable polymers; and
wherein the biopolymer fibers are electrospun from a DMSO solvent system comprising about 40 to 100% by volume of DMSO and about 0 to 60% by volume of a solvent selected from the group consisting of ethanol, tetrahydrofuran and acetic acid and are not chemically cross- linked.
7. The device of claim 6 , wherein the at least one biopolymer sheet is a thermally annealed biopolymer sheet.
8. The device of claim 6 , wherein the electrospun biopolymer fibers have an average diameter of about 700 nm to 1,500 nm.
9. The device of claim 6 , wherein the collagen is selected from the group of type I collagens consisting of atelocollagen, telocollagen, recombinant human collagen and mixtures thereof.
10. The device of claim 9 , wherein the bio-acceptable polymer is selected from the group consisting of PDLA, PDLLA, PLGA, poly(glycolic acid) and mixtures thereof.
11. The device of claim 9 , wherein the bio-acceptable polymer is PDLA.
12. The device of claim 9 , wherein the bio-acceptable polymer is PDLLA.
13. The device of claim 12 , wherein the electrospun biopolymer fibers comprise about 20 to 35% by weight of Type I collagen and about 65 to 80% by weight of PDLLA.
14. The device of claim 13 , wherein the PDLLA is high viscosity PDLLA.
15. The device of claim 13 , wherein the electrospun biopolymer fibers comprise about 27.5 to 32.5% by weight of Type I collagen and about 67.5 to 72.5% by weight of PDLLA.
16. The device of claim 15 , wherein the PDLLA is high viscosity PDLLA.
17. The device of claim 9 , wherein the bio-acceptable polymer is PLGA.
18. The device of claim 9 , wherein the bio-acceptable polymer is poly(glycolic acid).
19. The device of claim 6 , wherein at least one biopolymer sheet comprises electropsun biopolymer fibers laying in a transverse plane capable of providing biaxial support for suture retention.
20. The device of claim 6 , wherein the at least one biopolymer sheet comprises a first side having substantially aligned electropsun biopolymer fibers and a second side having electropsun biopolymer fibers that are not substantially aligned.
21. The device of claim 6 , wherein the electrospun biopolymer fibers in at least one biopolymer sheet have a gradient of alignment substantially aligned fibers to randomly oriented fibers.
22. The device of claim 21 , wherein the gradient of alignment is contained in a layer of the at least one biopolymer sheet.
23. The device of claim 6 , wherein the biopolymer sheet of the ligament and tendon repair device exhibits one or more of the characteristics selected from the group consisting of:
(i) a range of tensile strength of about 4 to 16 MPa;
(ii) a modulus of elasticity of about 35-200 MPa; and
(iii) a peak stress 2.5 to 10 MPa.
24. The device of claim 6 , wherein the biopolymer sheet exhibits one or more of the characteristics selected from the group consisting of:
(i) an average porosity of about 80 to 120 microns as determined by mercury porosimetry;
(ii) an absorbance in vitro of about its own weight in blood in about 5 minutes and an absorbance of about twice its own weight in blood in about 20 minutes; and
(iii) substantial in vivo cell infiltration into the scaffold within about two weeks following implantation; and
(iv) a 4 to 8-fold higher number of adhered cells after 2 to 8 weeks following subcutaneous implantation as compared to an implanted device comprised of Type I collagen and bio-acceptable polymers generated using an HFIP electroprocessing solvent.
25. The device of claim 6 , wherein the biopolymer sheet has an average thickness that ranges from about 0.5 mm to about 6.0 mm.
26. The device of claim 6 , further comprising a visible marking so as to distinguish the inner-facing from outer-facing sides of the device as implanted.
27. The device of claim 6 , wherein the electrospun biopolymer fibers are electrospun from a DMSO solvent system comprising about 100% by volume of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO).
28. The device of claim 27 , wherein the DMSO solvent system comprises about 100% DMSO by weight.
29. The device of claim 6 , wherein the alignment of biopolymer fibers on the face of the device adjacent to the soft tissue is substantially aligned and the alignment on the outer face of the device is not substantially aligned.
30. An implantable device to support soft tissue comprising:
at least one biopolymer sheet of substantially aligned, electrospun biopolymer fibers;
wherein the biopolymer fibers comprise about 10 to 50% by weight of collagen and about 50 to 90% by weight of one or more DMSO-soluble, bio-acceptable polymers;
the biopolymer fibers are electrospun from a solvent system comprising DMSO and are not chemically cross-linked; and
wherein the implantable device when implanted subcutaneously causes a significantly higher infiltration of cells as compared with the implantation of constructs made of fibers electroprocessed with HFIP.