Process cartridge and electrophotographic apparatus
A process cartridge which allows any spot and stripe as image defects to be suppressed is provided. A process cartridge, in which an electroconductive layer of a charging member has a matrix including a first rubber, and domains dispersed in the matrix, the domains include a second rubber and an electron electroconductive agent, at least some of the domains are exposed on a surface of the charging member, when a volume resistivity of the matrix is 10 5 times or more a volume resistivity of the domains, a protective layer of an electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a metal oxide particle, and when a number average primary particle size of the metal oxide particle is defined as Sm and an average value of equivalent circle diameters of the domains is defined as Sd, the Sd/Sm satisfies the following expression (1): 0.5<Sd/Sm<100 . . . expression (1).
1. A process cartridge detachably attachable to an electrophotographic apparatus body, comprising:
an electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising a support, a photosensitive layer and a protective layer in this order, the protective layer comprising a metal oxide particle; and
a charging member comprising a support having an electroconductive outer surface, and an electroconductive layer provided on the outer surface of the support;
the electroconductive layer having a matrix comprising a first rubber with a plurality of domains dispersed in the matrix, the domains comprising a second rubber and an electron electroconductive agent,
at least some of the domains being exposed on an outer surface of the charging member, the outer surface of the charging member comprising the matrix and at least some of the domains, wherein
Rcm is at least 1.0×10 5 times Rcd when Rcm is a volume resistivity of the matrix and Rcd is a volume resistivity of the domains, and
0.5<Sd/Sm<100 when Sm is a number average primary particle size of the metal oxide particle and Sd is an average value of equivalent circle diameters of the domains as observed from the outer surface of the charging member.
2. The process cartridge according to claim 1 , wherein Sm is 0.01 to 0.50 μm.
3. The process cartridge according to claim 1 , wherein a maximum volume resistivity of a surface of the protective layer is at least 10 4 times a minimum volume resistivity of the surface of the protective layer.
4. The process cartridge according to claim 1 , wherein the volume resistivity of the matrix in the charging member is greater than 1.0×10 12 Ω·cm.
5. The process cartridge according to claim 1 , wherein Sd is 0.10 to 5.00 μm.
6. The process cartridge according to claim 1 , wherein a distance Dm between wall surfaces of the domains is 0.15 to 6.00 μm observed from the outer surface of the charging member.
7. An electrophotographic apparatus comprising an electrophotographic photosensitive member and a charging member configured to charge the electrophotographic photosensitive member,
the charging member comprising a support having an electroconductive outer surface, and an electroconductive layer provided on the outer surface of the support;
the electroconductive layer having a matrix comprising a first rubber with a plurality of domains dispersed in the matrix, the domains comprising a second rubber and an electron electroconductive agent,
at least some of the domains being exposed on an outer surface of the charging member, the outer surface of the charging member comprising the matrix and at least some of the domains, wherein
Rcm is at least 1.0×10 5 times Rcd when Rcm is a volume resistivity of the matrix and Rcd is a volume resistivity of the domains, and
0.5<Sd/Sm<100 when Sm is a number average primary particle size of the metal oxide particle and Sd is an average value of equivalent circle diameters of the domains as observed from the outer surface of the charging member.
8. The electrophotographic apparatus according to claim 7 , comprising a lubricant feeding unit configured to retain lubricant and to feed the lubricant to an outer surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member.