Process for producing an electrophotographic electroconductive member
A process for producing an electrophotographic electroconductive member having an electroconductive support and an electroconductive layer in the order mentioned. The electroconductive layer has a matrix including a crosslinked product of a first rubber, and a domain including a crosslinked product of a second rubber and an electroconductive particle, the process including the steps of: providing a rubber mixture for forming the domain, including carbon black and the second rubber by kneading the carbon black and the second rubber; providing a rubber mixture for forming the matrix, including the first rubber; kneading the rubber mixture for forming the domain and the rubber mixture for forming the matrix to prepare a rubber composition having a matrix-domain structure; forming a layer of the rubber composition on a surface of the electroconductive support; and curing the layer of the rubber composition on the surface of the electroconductive support to form the electroconductive layer.
1. A process for producing an electrophotographic electroconductive member, comprising:
an electroconductive support; and
an electroconductive layer in order, the electroconductive layer having a matrix including a crosslinked product of a first rubber, and domains including a crosslinked product of a second rubber and an electroconductive particle, wherein
an impedance is 1.0×10 3 to 1.0×10 8 Ω when a platinum electrode is provided directly on an outer surface of the electroconductive member, and an alternating voltage is applied between an outer surface of the electroconductive support and the platinum electrode at an amplitude of 1 V and a frequency of 1.0 Hz under an environment of a temperature of 23° C. and a relative humidity of 50%, and
when defining a length of the electroconductive layer in a longitudinal direction as L and defining a thickness of the electroconductive layer as T, and assuming that a 15-μm square observation region is put at arbitrary three positions in a thickness region from an outer surface of the electroconductive layer to a depth of 0.1 T to 0.9 T on each of cross sections in a thickness direction of the electroconductive layer at three positions: a center of the electroconductive layer in the longitudinal direction and points from both edges of the electroconductive layer toward the center by L/4, among the domains observed in each of the observation regions areas whose total number of nine, 80% by number or more of the domains satisfy (1) and (2):
(1) a ratio of a cross-sectional area of the electroconductive particle included in a domain to a cross-sectional area of the domain is 20% or more; and
(2) AB is 1.00 to 1.10 when A is a peripheral length of a domain and B is an envelope perimeter of the domain, the process comprising the steps of:
providing a rubber mixture for forming the domain, including carbon black and the second rubber by kneading the carbon black and the second rubber;
proving a rubber mixture for forming the matrix, including the first rubber;
kneading the rubber mixture for forming the domain and the rubber mixture for forming the matrix to prepare a rubber composition having a matrix-domain structure;
forming a layer of the rubber composition on a surface of the electroconductive support; and
curing the layer of the rubber composition on the surface of the electroconductive support to form the electroconductive layer.
2. The process for producing an electrophotographic electroconductive member according to claim 1 , wherein a difference in an absolute value of solubility parameters between the first rubber and the second rubber, is 0.4 to 4.0 (J/cm 3 ) 0.5 .
3. The process for producing an electrophotographic electroconductive member according to claim 1 , wherein a volume resistivity of the matrix ρm is 1.0×10 8 to 1.0×10 17 Ωcm.
4. The process for producing an electrophotographic electroconductive member according to claim 1 , wherein an average of a maximum Feret diameter Df of the domains included in each of the domains satisfying (1) and (2) is 0.1 to 5.0 μm.
5. The process for producing an electrophotographic electroconductive member according to claim 1 , wherein an average number of the domains present in the 15-μm square observation region is 20 to 300.
6. The process for producing an electrophotographic electroconductive member according to claim 1 , wherein the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the electroconductive particle to the cross-sectional area of each of the domains is 30% or less.
7. The process for producing an electrophotographic electroconductive member according to claim 1 , wherein the electroconductive particle is carbon black.
8. The process for producing an electrophotographic electroconductive member according to claim 7 , wherein the carbon black has a DBP absorption number of 40 to 80 cm 3 /100 g.
9. The process for producing an electrophotographic electroconductive member according to claim 7 , wherein an arithmetic average of an interwall distance of the carbon black included in each of the domains satisfying (1) and (2) C is 110 to 130 nm, and σm/C is 0.0 to 0.3 when σm is a standard deviation of a distribution of the interwall distance of the carbon black.
10. The process for producing an electrophotographic electroconductive member according to claim 1 , wherein a volume resistivity of the matrix ρm is 1.0×10 10 to 1.0×10 17 Ωcm.
11. The process for producing an electrophotographic electroconductive member according to claim 1 , wherein a volume resistivity of the matrix ρm is 1.0×10 12 to 1.0×10 17 Ωcm.
12. The process for producing an electrophotographic electroconductive member according to claim 1 , wherein the first rubber is styrene-butadiene rubber, and
the second rubber is acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, butadiene rubber, isoprene rubber or ethyl ene-propyl ene-diene rubber.
13. The process for producing an electrophotographic electroconductive member according to claim 1 , wherein the first rubber is ethylene-propylene-diene rubber, and
the second rubber is styrene-butadiene rubber, butadiene rubber, isoprene rubber or acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber.
14. The process for producing an electrophotographic electroconductive member according to claim 1 , wherein the first rubber is acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, and
the second rubber is ethylene-propylene-diene rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, butadiene rubber, isoprene rubber or chloroprene rubber.
15. The process for producing an electrophotographic electroconductive member according to claim 1 , wherein the first rubber is butadiene rubber, and
the second rubber is acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, ethylene-propylene-diene rubber, isoprene rubber or styrene-butadiene rubber.
16. The process for producing an electrophotographic electroconductive member according to claim 1 , wherein the first rubber is isoprene rubber, and
the second rubber is acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer rubber, butadiene rubber or styrene-butadiene rubber.
17. The process for producing an electrophotographic electroconductive member according to claim 1 , wherein the first rubber is chloroprene rubber, and
the second rubber is styrene-butadiene-rubber.