Durable graphene oxide membranes
Embodiments described herein relate generally to durable graphene oxide membranes for fluid filtration. For example, the graphene oxide membranes can be durable under high temperatures non-neutral pH, and/or high pressures. One aspect of the present disclosure relates to a filtration apparatus comprising: a support substrate, and a graphene oxide membrane disposed on the support substrate. The graphene oxide membrane has a first lactose rejection rate of at least 50% with a first 1 wt % lactose solution at room temperature. The graphene oxide membrane has a second lactose rejection rate of at least 50% with a second 1 wt % lactose solution at room temperature after the graphene oxide membrane is contacted with a solution that is at least 80° C. for a period of time.
1. A filtration apparatus, comprising:
a support substrate; and
a graphene oxide membrane disposed on the support substrate, the graphene oxide membrane including a plurality of graphene oxide sheets, each of the graphene oxide sheets covalently coupled to a chemical spacer,
wherein:
each of the graphene oxide sheets is not covalently crosslinked to other graphene oxide sheets from the plurality of graphene oxide sheets;
the graphene oxide membrane has a first lactose rejection rate of at least 50% with a first 1 wt % lactose solution at room temperature; and
after the graphene oxide membrane is contacted with a solution that is at least 80° C. for a period of time, the graphene oxide membrane has a second lactose rejection rate of at least 50% with a second 1 wt % lactose solution at room temperature.
2. The filtration apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the second lactose rejection rate is at least substantially the same as the first lactose rejection rate.
3. The filtration apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the first lactose rejection rate is less than or equal to 90%.
4. The filtration apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the second lactose rejection rate is less than or equal to 90%.
5. The filtration apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the chemical spacer comprises an amine or a derivative thereof.
6. The filtration apparatus of claim 5 , wherein the chemical spacer comprises —NH—R 1 , wherein R 1 is an aryl, which can be optionally substituted.
7. The filtration apparatus of claim 5 , wherein the amine is 4-aminophenylacetic acid or 2-(4-aminophenyl) ethanol.
8. The filtration apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the chemical spacer comprises an amide or a derivative thereof.
9. The filtration apparatus of claim 8 , wherein the chemical spacer comprises —NH—C(O)—R 2 , wherein R 2 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl or C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, each of which can be optionally substituted.
10. The filtration apparatus of claim 8 , wherein the amide is acrylamide, propionamide, isobutyramide, or pivalamide.
11. The filtration apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the solution has a pH of about 7, about 11, or about 14.
12. A filtration apparatus, comprising:
a support substrate; and
a graphene oxide membrane disposed on the support substrate, the graphene oxide membrane including a plurality of graphene oxide sheets, each of the graphene oxide sheets covalently coupled to a chemical spacer,
wherein:
each of the graphene oxide sheets is not covalently crosslinked to other graphene oxide sheets from the plurality of graphene oxide sheets;
the graphene oxide membrane has a first lactose rejection rate of at least 50% with a first 1 wt % lactose solution at room temperature; and
after the graphene oxide membrane is contacted with a solution having a pH of at least 11 for a period of time at room temperature, the graphene oxide membrane has a second lactose rejection rate of at least 50% with a second 1 wt % lactose solution at room temperature.
13. The filtration apparatus of claim 12 , wherein the pH is at least about 12 or at least about 14.
14. The filtration apparatus of claim 12 , wherein the second lactose rejection rate is at least substantially the same as the first lactose rejection rate.
15. The filtration apparatus of claim 12 , wherein the first lactose rejection rate is less than or equal to 90%.
16. The filtration apparatus of claim 12 , wherein the second lactose rejection rate is less than or equal to 90%.
17. The filtration apparatus of claim 12 , wherein the chemical spacer comprises an amine or a derivative thereof.
18. The filtration apparatus of claim 17 , wherein the chemical spacer comprises —NH—R 1 , wherein R 1 is an aryl, which can be optionally substituted.
19. The filtration apparatus of claim 17 , wherein the amine is 4-aminophenylacetic acid or 2-(4-aminophenyl) ethanol.
20. The filtration apparatus of claim 12 , wherein the chemical spacer comprises an amide or a derivative thereof.
21. The filtration apparatus of claim 20 , wherein the chemical spacer comprises —NH—C(O)—R 2 , wherein R 2 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl or C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, each of which can be optionally substituted.
22. The filtration apparatus of claim 20 , wherein the amide is acrylamide, propionamide, isobutyramide, or pivalamide.
23. A filtration apparatus, comprising:
a support substrate, the support substrate has a thickness of at least about 150 μm and a Young's modulus of at least about 0.9 GPa; and
a graphene oxide membrane disposed on the support substrate, the graphene oxide membrane including a plurality of graphene oxide sheets, each of the graphene oxide sheets covalently coupled to a chemical spacer,
wherein:
each of the graphene oxide sheets is not covalently crosslinked to other graphene oxide sheets from the plurality of graphene oxide sheets;
the graphene oxide membrane has a first lactose rejection rate of at least 50% with a first 1 wt % lactose solution at room temperature; and
after the graphene oxide membrane is subjected to a pressure of about 1000 psi for a period of time, the graphene oxide membrane has a second lactose rejection rate of at least 50% with a second 1 wt % lactose solution at room temperature.
24. The filtration apparatus of claim 23 , wherein the support substrate has a Young's modulus of no more than about 2.5 GPa.
25. The filtration apparatus of claim 23 , wherein the support substrate comprises polypropylene, polyolefin, polyethersulfone (PES), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), nylon, or a combination thereof.
26. The filtration apparatus of claim 23 , wherein the chemical spacer comprises an amine or a derivative thereof.
27. The filtration apparatus of claim 26 , wherein the chemical spacer comprises —NH—R 1 , wherein R 1 is an aryl, which can be optionally substituted.
28. The filtration apparatus of claim 23 , wherein the chemical spacer comprises an amide or a derivative thereof.
29. The filtration apparatus of claim 28 , wherein the chemical spacer comprises —NH—C(O)—R 2 , wherein R 2 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl or C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, each of which can be optionally substituted.
30. A method for processing black liquor, the method comprising flowing black liquor through the filtration apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the black liquor comprises lignin, sodium sulfate, sodium carbonate, sodium hydrosulfide, sodium thiosulfate, sodium hydroxide, or a combination thereof.