Method for isolation of protein from plant material
The present invention concerns a process wherein native and functional protein isolates can be successfully obtained from plant material such as oilseeds, legumes and lentils. This can be achieved by a proper pre-treatment of the plant material, followed by a method of extracting proteins under mild and non-destructive conditions using an aqueous solvent, followed by fractionation, concentration and further purification using a novel combination of GRAS organic solvents.
1. A process for the preparation of a protein isolate from plant material, wherein said plant material comprises between 10 and 50 wt. % on dry weight basis of proteins, said process comprising the steps of:
a) crushing or comminuting the plant material to produce a solid cake;
b) extracting the solid cake obtained in step a) using a first solvent comprising at least 90 wt. % of water, based on the total weight of the first solvent, to obtain a mixture of a first solid fraction and a first liquid fraction;
c) separating the first liquid fraction from the first solid fraction;
d) preparing a concentrated protein mixture from the first liquid fraction obtained in step c), wherein the concentrated protein mixture comprises 50 to 90 wt. % of water, wherein protein is dissolved in the first solvent and/or wherein protein is present in a second solid fraction, wherein the protein content in the concentrated protein mixture is at least 40 wt. %, based on total dry weight of the concentrated protein mixture;
e) adding a second solvent to the concentrated protein mixture obtained in step d), wherein the second solvent comprises at least 90 wt. % of an alcohol having 1 to 5 carbon atoms which is miscible with water at room temperature;
f) separating the mixture obtained in step e) into a second liquid fraction and a third solid fraction using a technique selected from the group consisting of filtration, sedimentation, centrifugation and combinations thereof, wherein the protein content of the third solid fraction is at least 60 wt. %;
g) adding a third solvent to the third solid fraction obtained in step f), said third solvent comprising at least 90 wt. % of an apolar and lipophilic organic ester having up to 5 carbon atoms, based on the total weight of the third solvent, wherein the apolar and lipophilic organic ester having up to 5 carbon atoms is at least partially miscible with the first solvent and fully miscible with the second solvent at room temperature, wherein the amount of the third solvent is chosen such that the overall liquid phase does not separate into distinct liquid phases;
h) separating the mixture obtained in step g) into a third liquid fraction and a fourth solid fraction using a technique selected from the group consisting of filtration, sedimentation, centrifugation and combinations thereof, wherein the protein content of the fourth solid fraction is at least 90 wt. %;
i) subjecting the fourth solid fraction obtained in step h) to a technique selected from the group consisting of vacuum drying, spray drying, superheated steam drying and combinations thereof to obtain a protein isolate wherein the protein content is at least 90 wt. %.
2. Process according to claim 1 , wherein the plant material is at least partially defatted prior to step a) using mechanical means.
3. Process according to claim 2 , wherein neither organic nor mineral solvents are used in the defatting step using mechanical means.
4. Process according to claim 1 , wherein the plant material comprises at least 5 wt. %, on dry weight basis of fats, oils and lipids.
5. Process according to claim 1 , wherein the extraction in step b) is performed under low-shear conditions.
6. Process according to claim 1 , wherein between steps b) and c), at least part of the fats, oils and lipids present in the mixture of the first solid fraction and the first liquid fraction obtained in step b) is removed.
7. Process according to claim 1 , wherein the separation of the first liquid fraction from the first solid fraction in step c) is performed using a technique selected from the group consisting of centrifugation, filtration and combinations thereof.
8. Process according to claim 1 , wherein in step d) the first liquid fraction is subjected to one or more diafiltration steps to remove at least part of the non-protein components and/or wherein the first liquid fraction is subjected to an evaporation step.
9. Process according to claim 1 , wherein the first solvent in step b) is water or an aqueous solution comprising salts and optionally comprising further additives.
10. Process according to claim 1 , wherein the alcohol having 1 to 5 carbon atoms which is miscible with water at room temperature is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, propanol, iso-propanol, butanol, iso-butanol, and combinations thereof.
11. Process according to claim 10 , wherein the alcohol having 1 to 5 carbon atoms which is miscible with water at room temperature is ethanol.
12. Process according to claim 1 , wherein the weight ratio of the first solvent used in step b) to the second solvent used in step e) is between 1:10 and 1:1.
13. Process according to claim 1 , wherein the apolar and lipophilic organic ester having up to 5 carbon atoms in the third solvent used in step g) is ethyl acetate.
14. Process according to claim 1 , which is performed without using organic or mineral solvents having 6 or more carbon atoms, such as hexane.
15. Process according to claim 1 , which is performed at a temperature between 0 and 50° C.
16. Process according to claim 1 , which is performed at a pH between 5 and 8.
17. Process according to claim 1 , wherein the third solid fraction after step f) and before step g) is subjected to an additional washing step using a mixture of second solvent and first solvent followed by a solid-liquid separation step.
18. Process according to claim 1 , wherein the fourth solid fraction after step h) and before step i) is subjected to an additional washing step using the third solvent followed by a solid-liquid separation step.
19. Process according to claim 1 , wherein the plant material is selected from the group consisting of vegetables, fruits, seeds, legumes, grains and combinations thereof.
20. Process according to claim 1 , wherein the plant material is selected from the group consisting of oilseeds, including rapeseed, canola, sunflower, safflower, and cottonseed, pulses, including soybeans and other beans, legumes and peas, including chickpea, red, green, yellow and brown lentils, and combinations thereof.
21. Process according to claim 19 , wherein the plant material is selected from the group consisting of oilseeds including rapeseed, canola, sunflower seed, flaxseed, safflower seed, cottonseed, and combinations thereof, wherein the plant material.
22. Process according to claim 1 , wherein the protein isolate comprises at least 95 wt. % of plant-based protein based on dry matter.
23. Process according to claim 1 , wherein the protein isolate comprises at least 70 wt. % of native plant-based protein based on dry matter.
24. Process according to claim 1 , wherein the plant material is raw plant material.
25. Process according to claim 4 , wherein the plant material comprises at least 10 wt. %, on dry weight basis of fats, oils and lipids.