Online surface resistance measuring of primed substrates to evaluate drying state
Apparatus and methods are provided for measuring the dryness of primer on a substrate in an inline priming system. In implementations, the apparatus comprises a plurality of measurement electrodes spaced laterally to extend across and contact a primed surface of a substrate following application of a primer to the substrate as it is fed through the inline priming system. A resistance measurement unit is provided as part of the dryness measuring apparatus to, in use, measure the surface resistance of the primed substrate between different measurement electrodes across the primed surface of a substrate. A controller is provided in the dryness measurement apparatus, the controller arranged to, in use: receive the measured surface resistance value and to generate, based on the measured surface resistance values, a dryness profile indicative of the dryness of the primer at locations across the substrate in the direction of the spacing of the electrodes.
1. An apparatus for measuring dryness of an applied liquid on a substrate in a printing system, the apparatus comprising:
a pair of electrodes spaced laterally to contact different portions of a surface of the substrate, each electrode comprising a roller to roll with respect to the surface of the substrate;
a resistance measurement unit to measure a surface resistance between the pair of electrodes; and
a controller to receive the measured surface resistance and output a dryness profile indicative of a dryness of the liquid on the surface of the substrate.
2. An apparatus for measuring dryness of an applied liquid on a substrate in a printing system, the apparatus comprising:
a pair of electrodes spaced laterally to contact different portions of a surface of the substrate;
a resistance measurement unit to measure a surface resistance between the pair of electrodes;
a controller to receive the measured surface resistance and output a dryness profile indicative of a dryness of the liquid on the surface of the substrate; and
a ground electrode located on an opposite side of the substrate from the pair of electrodes to prevent the resistance measurement unit from measuring resistance of the substrate as opposed to surface resistance at the surface of the substrate on which the applied liquid is drying.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the ground electrode comprises a roller, and the apparatus further comprises a motor to drive rotation of the ground electrode to move the substrate between the pair of electrodes and the ground electrode.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a feedback loop comprising:
the controller; and
a drying system comprising a fan;
wherein the controller is to control the fan based on the dryness profile.
5. The apparatus of claim 4 , wherein the fan is to produce a heated airflow, the controller to control an airflow temperature from the fan based on the dryness profile.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a belt for moving the substrate relative to the pair of electrodes, the controller to control a belt speed of the belt based on the dryness profile.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the controller is to output operational parameters for the printing system based on the dryness profile, the operational parameters comprising one of: temperature, belt speed, airflow rate, airflow capacity and airflow direction.
8. A method for measuring dryness of an applied liquid on a substrate in a printing system, the method comprising:
after application of the liquid to the substrate, measuring a surface resistance of the substrate bearing the liquid, the surface resistance being measured between a pair of electrodes spaced laterally to contact different portions of a surface of the substrate;
with a controller to receive the measured surface resistance, outputting a dryness profile indicative of a dryness of the liquid on the surface of the substrate; and
controlling a speed of the substrate moving with respect to the pair of electrodes based on the dryness profile.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the applied liquid is a primer.
10. The method of claim 8 , further comprising controlling operational parameters of the printing system based on the dryness profile.
11. The method of claim 10 , further comprising controlling application of an airflow to the substrate based on the dryness profile.
12. The method of claim 11 , further comprising controlling heating of the airflow based on the dryness profile.
13. The method of claim 8 , further comprising grounding the substrate with a ground electrode located on an opposite side of the substrate from the pair of electrodes to prevent measuring resistance into the substrate as opposed to surface resistance.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the ground electrode comprises a roller; and the method further comprising driving rotation of the ground electrode to move the substrate between the pair of electrodes and the ground electrode.
15. An apparatus for measuring dryness of, and drying, an applied liquid on a substrate in a printing system, the apparatus comprising:
a resistance measurement unit to measure a surface resistance at the applied liquid that is drying on a surface of the substrate;
a controller to receive the measured surface resistance and output a dryness profile indicative of a dryness of the liquid on the surface of the substrate; and
a drying system to dry the liquid on the surface of the substrate, the controller to adjust operational parameters of the drying system based on the dryness profile;
wherein the resistance measurement unit comprises an array of multiple electrodes between pairs of which the surface resistance is measured by the resistance measurement unit.
16. The apparatus of claim 15 , further comprising a ground electrode located on an opposite side of the substrate from the array of electrodes to prevent the resistance measurement unit from measuring resistance into the substrate as opposed to surface resistance at the surface of the substrate on which the applied liquid is drying.
17. The apparatus of claim 15 , wherein the ground electrode comprises a roller, and the apparatus further comprises a motor to drive rotation of the ground electrode to move the substrate between the array of electrodes and the ground electrode.
18. The apparatus of claim 15 , wherein the operational parameter is one of: temperature, belt speed, airflow rate, airflow capacity and airflow direction.
19. The apparatus of claim 15 , wherein the array of multiple electrodes is arranged on a pair of rollers.
20. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the controller is to control a fan or a speed of the substrate based on the dryness profile.