Ion-conductive composite for electrochemical cells
Articles and methods including composite layers for protection of electrodes in electrochemical cells are provided. In some embodiments, the composite layers comprise a polymeric material and a plurality of particles.
1. An electrochemical cell, comprising:
an electrode comprising:
an electroactive layer, wherein the electroactive layer comprises an electroactive material; and
a composite layer adjacent the electroactive layer, the composite layer comprising a polymeric material and a plurality of particles embedded within the polymeric material, wherein for at least a portion of the plurality of particles each particle has a largest cross-sectional dimension greater than an average thickness of the polymeric material within the composite layer, wherein for at least a portion of the plurality of particles each particle has a first portion of the particle in direct contact with and at least partially embedded within the electroactive layer and a second portion of the particle in direct contact with a liquid electrolyte, and wherein the composite layer is conductive to ions of the electroactive material.
2. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein the electroactive material comprises lithium metal.
3. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein the electroactive material has a surface roughness of at least 1 micron.
4. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein the polymeric material comprises an ion-conductive polymer.
5. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein the polymeric material comprises a non-ionically conductive polymer.
6. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein the polymeric material forms a reaction product with a surface of a component of the electrode, wherein the reaction product does not interfere with functionality of a layer including the polymeric material.
7. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein the polymeric material has an ionic conductivity in the liquid electrolyte of less than 10 −8 S/cm.
8. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein for the at least a portion of the plurality of particles each particle comprises the first portion, which is in direct contact with the electroactive layer at a first surface of the composite layer, and the second portion, which is exposed at a second surface of the composite layer.
9. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein the plurality of particles have a minimum cross-sectional dimension of at least about 500 nm.
10. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein the plurality of particles comprise an inorganic material.
11. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein the plurality of particles comprise a material selected from aluminium oxide, silicon oxide, lithium oxide, Li 10 MP 2 S 12 wherein M is Sn, Ge, or Si, Garnet type ion conductive ceramics, and mixtures thereof.
12. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein the plurality of particles have an ionic conductivity of at least 10 −5 S/cm.
13. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein the plurality of particles have an electronic conductivity of less than 10 −10 S/cm.
14. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein the plurality of particles are organized.
15. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein the plurality of particles are disorganized.
16. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein the plurality of particles are non-porous.
17. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein the plurality of particles comprise a crosslinking polymer bound to a surface of the plurality of particles.
18. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein the volume occupied by the plurality of particles in the composite layer is greater than or equal to 10 vol % of the volume of the total composite layer.
19. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein the composite layer has an overall ionic conductivity of at least 10 −5 S/cm.
20. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the electrochemical cell is a lithium-sulfur electrochemical cell.
21. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein the polymeric material does not swell more than about 10% of an initial volume of the polymeric material in an electrolyte solvent.
22. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein the polymeric material is capable of viscous flow at a temperature less than about 25° C.
23. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein an external pressure of greater than or equal to 50 kg/cm 2 is applied to the electrode.
24. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein the composite layer is configured to act as a barrier between the liquid electrolyte and the electroactive layer.
25. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , further comprising a separator.
26. An electrochemical cell, comprising:
an electrode comprising:
an electroactive layer comprising an electroactive material;
a composite layer having a first surface adjacent the electroactive layer and a second surface, the composite layer comprising a polymeric material; and
a plurality of particles embedded within the polymeric material of the composite layer, wherein at least a portion of the plurality of particles is in direct contact with and at least partially embedded within the electroactive layer at the first surface of the composite layer, and at least a portion of the plurality of particles is exposed at the second surface of the composite layer and in direct contact with a liquid electrolyte, and wherein the composite layer is conductive to ions of the electroactive material.