Indicator-based analysis of a sample

1. A method comprising:

attaching a first indicator a first type and a first indicator of a second type to a first unit of a chemical component in a sample to form a first multi-indicator complex comprising the first unit of the chemical component the first indicator of the first type, and the first indicator of the second type,

wherein indicators of the first type and indicators of the second type have different discernible characteristics;

attaching a second indicator of the first type and a second indicator of the second type to a second unit of the chemical component in the sample to form a second multi-indicator complex comprising the second unit of the chemical component, the second indicator of the first type, and the second indicator of the second type;

capturing, by an image sensor, an image of the sample, including the first multi-indicator complex and the second multi-indicator complex;

measuring, in the image, by one or more processors,

a first proximity to one another of the first indicator of the first type and the first indicator of the second type in the first multi-indicator complex, and

a second proximity to one another of the second indicator of the first type and the second indicator of the second type in the second multi-indicator complex;

identifying, in the image, by the one or more processors,

the first multi-indicator complex based on the first proximity, and

the second multi-indicator complex based on the second proximity;

based on identifying the first multi-indicator complex and the second multi-indicator complex, generating, by the one or more processors, a count of a plurality of multi-indicator complexes in the sample, the plurality of multi-indicator complexes including the first multi-indicator complex and the second multi-indicator complex; and

based on the count, identifying, by the one or more processors, a presence or a level of the chemical component in the sample.

2. The method of claim 1 , comprising situating the sample on a surface of the image sensor.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first indicator of the first type and the second indicator of the first type comprise a bead.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first indicator of the first type and the second indicator of the first type comprise a fluorescent label.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein attaching the first indicator of the first type and the first indicator of the second type to the first unit of the chemical component comprises binding a first attachment unit and a second attachment unit to the first unit of the chemical component, wherein the first attachment unit is bound to the first indicator of the first type, and wherein the second attachment unit is bound to the first indicator of the second type.

6. The method of claim 5 in which the first attachment unit and the second attachment unit are configured to bind to different locations on the first unit of the chemical component.

7. The method of claim 5 , wherein the first attachment unit comprises an antibody.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein identifying the presence or the level of the chemical component in the sample comprises:

determining, by the one or more processors, a first number of indicators of the first type in the image that are included in the plurality of multi-indicator complexes, wherein each multi-indicator complex of the plurality of multi-indicator complexes includes a corresponding indicator of the first type and a corresponding indicator of the second type;

determining, by the one or more processors, a second number of indicators of the first type in the image, including (i) the indicators of the first type that are included in the plurality of multi-indicator complexes, and (ii) at least some indicators of the first type that are not included in the plurality of multi-indicator complexes; and

identifying, by the one or more processors, the presence or the level based on the first number and the second number.

9. The method of claim 8 , comprising applying, by the one or more processors, the first number and the second number to an empirically generated standard relationship to identify the presence or the level.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein identifying the presence or the level of the chemical component in the sample comprises:

determining, by the one or more processors, a first number of indicators of the first type in the image that are included in the plurality of multi-indicator complexes, wherein each multi-indicator complex of the plurality of multi-indicator complexes includes a corresponding indicator of the first type and a corresponding indicator of the second type;

determining, by the one or more processors, a second number of indicators of the first type in the image that are not included in the plurality of multi-indicator complexes; and

identifying, by the one or more processors, the presence or the level based on the first number and the second number.

11. The method of claim 10 , wherein at least a portion of the second number of indicators of the first type are included in a second plurality of multi-indicator complexes, wherein each multi-indicator complex of the second plurality of multi-indicator complexes includes a corresponding indicator of a third type that is different from the first type and the second type.

12. The method of claim 10 , wherein at least a portion of the second number of indicators of the first type are singleton indicators.

13. The method of claim 1 , in which capturing the image comprises situating the sample within a near-field distance of photosensitive elements of the image sensor.

14. The method of claim 1 , in which the first type of indicator and the second type of indicator have different colors, absorption spectra, reflection spectra, observable surface properties, translucencies, emission spectra, excitation spectra, or a combination thereof.

15. The method of claim 1 , in which the first type of indicator and the second type of indicator have different sizes, shapes, or both.

16. The method of claim 1 , in which capturing the image comprises forming a monolayer of the sample.

17. The method of claim 1 , in which each indicator of the first type comprises two physical sections, and wherein the two physical sections of each indicator of the first type have different colors, absorption spectra, reflection spectra, observable surface properties, translucencies, emission spectra, excitation spectra, or a combination thereof.

18. A method comprising:

attaching a first indicator a first type and a first indicator of a second type to a first unit of a chemical component in a sample to form a first multi-indicator complex comprising the first unit of the chemical component the first indicator of the first type, and the first indicator of the second type,

wherein indicators of the first type and indicators of the second type have different discernible characteristics;

attaching a second indicator of the first type and a second indicator of the second type to a second unit of the chemical component in the sample to form a second multi-indicator complex comprising the second unit of the chemical component, the second indicator of the first type, and the second indicator of the second type;

capturing, by an image sensor, an image of the sample, including the first multi-indicator complex and the second multi-indicator complex;

measuring, in the image, by one or more processors,

a first proximity to one another of the first indicator of the first type and the first indicator of the second type in the first multi-indicator complex, and

a second proximity to one another of the second indicator of the first type and the second indicator of the second type in the second multi-indicator complex;

identifying, in the image, by the one or more processors,

the first multi-indicator complex based on the first proximity, and

the second multi-indicator complex based on the second proximity;

based on identifying the first multi-indicator complex and the second multi-indicator complex, generating, by the one or more processors, a count, in the image, of a first plurality of multi-indicator complexes, the first plurality of multi-indicator complexes including the first multi-indicator complex and the second multi-indicator complex, wherein each multi-indicator complex of the first plurality of multi-indicator complexes includes a corresponding indicator of the first type and a corresponding indicator of the second type;

identifying, in the image, by the one or more processors, a first plurality of indicators of the first type that are not included in the first plurality of multi-indicator complexes;

identifying, in the image, by the one or more processors, a second plurality of indicators of the second type that are not included in the first plurality of multi-indicator complexes; and

based on the count, based on the identification of the first plurality of indicators of the first type, and based on the identification of the second plurality of indicators of the second type, identifying, by the one or more processors, a presence or a level of the chemical component in the sample.

19. A method comprising:

attaching a first indicator to a unit of a chemical component in a sample;

attaching a second indicator, of a same indicator type as the first indicator, to one or more third indicators, to form a first multi-indicator complex comprising the second indicator and the one or more third indicators, wherein the first indicator is not included in the first multi-indicator complex;

capturing, by an image sensor, an image of the sample, wherein the first indicator, the second indicator, and the one or more third indicators are visible in the image;

measuring, in the image, by one or more processors, a proximity to one another of the second indicator and the one or more third indicators;

identifying, in the image, by the one or more processors, the first multi-indicator complex based on the measured proximity to one another of the second indicator and the one or more third indicators;

determining, by the one or more processors, that the first indicator is a singleton indicator in the image; and

based on the determination that the first indicator is a singleton indicator and based on the identification of the first multi-indicator complex, identifying, by the one or more processors, a presence or a level of the chemical component in the sample.

20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the first indicator is attached to the unit of the chemical component by a first attachment unit that is bound to the first indicator and the unit of the chemical component; and

wherein the second indicator, within the first multi-indicator complex, is bound to a second attachment unit of a same attachment unit type as the first attachment unit.

21. The method of claim 19 , wherein identifying the presence or the level of the chemical component in the sample comprises:

determining, by the one or more processors, a first count of a first plurality of indicators of the same indicator type as the first indicator that are included in a plurality of multi-indicator complexes in the image, wherein the plurality of multi-indicator complexes includes the first multi-indicator complex, and wherein the first plurality of indicators includes the second indicator;

determining, by the one or more processors, a second count of a second plurality of indicators of the same indicator type as the first indicator that are not included in the plurality of multi-indicator complexes in the image, wherein the second plurality of indicators includes the first indicator; and

based on the first count and the second count, determining, by the one or more processors, the level of the chemical component in the sample.

22. The method of claim 21 , wherein determining the level of the chemical component in the sample is based on a functional relationship between the first count, the second count, and the level, and wherein, in the functional relationship, a lower first count corresponds to a higher level of the chemical component in the sample.

23. The method of claim 21 , wherein determining the level of the chemical component in the sample is based on a functional relationship between the first count, the second count, and the level, and wherein, in the functional relationship, a higher second count corresponds to a higher level of the chemical component in the sample.