Method of making an electrochemical reactor via sintering inorganic dry particles
Herein disclosed is a method of making an electrochemical reactor comprising a) depositing a composition on a substrate to form a slice; b) drying the slice using a non-contact dryer; c) sintering the slice using electromagnetic radiation (EMR), wherein the electrochemical reactor comprises an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte between the anode and the cathode. In an embodiment, the electrochemical reactor comprises at least one unit, wherein the unit comprises the anode, the cathode, the electrolyte and an interconnect and wherein the unit has a thickness of no greater than 1 mm. In an embodiment, the anode is no greater than 50 microns in thickness, the cathode is no greater than 50 microns in thickness, and the electrolyte is no greater than 10 microns in thickness.
1. A method of making an electrochemical reactor comprising
a) depositing a composition on a substrate to form a slice, wherein the composition consists of particles suspended in a liquid;
b) drying the slice using a non-contact dryer; and
c) sintering the particles having particle boundaries in dry particulate form using a xenon lamp, wherein the particles are selected from the group consisting of inorganic ceramics, metal oxides, and mixtures of inorganic ceramics and metal oxides, wherein the particles are not semiconductors;
wherein the electrochemical reactor comprises an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte between the anode and the cathode.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrochemical reactor comprises at least one unit, wherein the unit comprises the anode, the cathode, the electrolyte and an interconnect, and wherein the unit has a thickness of no greater than 1 mm.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the anode is no greater than 50 microns in thickness, the cathode is no greater than 50 microns in thickness, and the electrolyte is no greater than 10 microns in thickness.
4. The method of claim 1 comprising utilizing conductive heating in step b) or step c) or both.
5. The method of claim 1 further comprising repeating steps a)-c) to produce the electrochemical reactor slice by slice.
6. The method of claim 1 further comprising d) measuring the slice temperature T within time t after the last exposure of the xenon lamp without contacting the slice, wherein t is no greater than 5 seconds.
7. The method of claim 6 further comprising e) comparing T with T sinter , wherein T sinter is no less than 45% of the melting point of the composition if the composition is non-metallic; or wherein T sinter is no less than 60% of the melting point of the composition if the composition is metallic, or wherein T sinter is previously determined by correlating the measured temperature with microstructure images of the slice, scratch test of the slice, electrochemical performance test of the slice, dilatometry measurements of the slice, conductivity measurements of the slice, or combinations thereof.
8. The method of claim 7 further comprising sintering the slice using the xenon lamp or conduction or both in a second stage if T is less than 90% of T sinter .
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the porosity of the material after the second stage sintering is less than that after the first stage sintering, or wherein the material has greater densification after the second stage sintering than after the first stage sintering.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the particles are selected from the group consisting of: CuO, Cu 2 O, Ag 2 O, Au 2 O, Au 2 O 3 , Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), 8YSZ (8 mol % YSZ powder), Yttirum, Zirconium, gadolinia-doped ceria (GDC or CGO), Samaria-doped ceria (SDC), Scandia-stabilized zirconia (SSZ), Lanthanum strontium manganite (LSM), Lanthanum Strontium Cobalt Ferrite (LSCF), Lanthanum Strontium Cobaltite (LSC), Lanthanum Strontium Gallium Magnesium Oxide (LSGM), NiO, NiO—YSZ, lanthanum chromite, doped lanthanum chromite, and a combination thereof.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the particles have a particle size distribution, wherein the particle size distribution has at least one of the following characteristics:
(a) said size distribution comprises D10 and D90, wherein 10% of the particles have a diameter no greater than D10 and 90% of the particles have a diameter no greater than D90, wherein D90/D10 is in the range of from 1.5 to 100; or
(b) said size distribution is bimodal such that the average particle size in the first mode is at least 5 times the average particle size in the second mode; or
(c) said size distribution comprises D50, wherein 50% of the particles have a diameter no greater than D50, wherein D50 is no greater than 100 nm.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein drying takes place for a period in the range of no greater than 1 minute.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein said non-contact dryer comprises infrared heater, hot air blower, ultraviolet light source, or combinations thereof.
14. The method of claim 1 further comprising f) measuring a property of the slice; g) comparing the measured property with preset criteria; h) depositing the same composition on the slice to form another slice if the measured property does not meet the preset criteria or depositing another composition on the slice to form another slice if the measured property meets the preset criteria.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein said another composition is the same as the composition.
16. The method of claim 14 , wherein said measuring a property of the slice comprises the use of photography, microscopy, radiography, ellipsometry, spectroscopy, structured-light 3D scanning, 3D laser scanning, multi-spectral imaging, infrared imaging, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, or combinations thereof.
17. The method of claim 14 , wherein said measuring a property of the slice comprises measuring transmittance, reflectance, absorbance, or combinations thereof of an electromagnetic radiation that interacts with the slice during measuring.
18. The method of claim 14 , wherein the preset criteria comprise the slice having a continuous surface extending as a whole in the lateral direction.
19. The method of claim 14 , wherein said measuring takes place within 30 minutes or within 1 minute after sintering; or wherein said comparing takes place within 30 minutes or within 1 minute after measuring.
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein drying takes place from 3 s to 10 s.