Altering microbial populations and modifying microbiota
The invention relates to methods, uses, systems, arrays, engineered nucleotide sequences and vectors for inhibiting bacterial population growth or for altering the relative ratio of sub-populations of first and second bacteria in a mixed population of bacteria. The invention is particularly useful, for example, for treatment of microbes such as for environmental, medical, food and beverage use. The invention relates inter alia to methods of controlling microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) or biofouling of a substrate or fluid in an industrial or domestic system.
1. A method of modifying a mixed population of bacteria, wherein the mixed population of bacteria comprises cells of a first bacterial species and host cells of a second bacterial species, and
wherein the second bacterial species is a different species than the first bacterial species, the method comprising:
(a). contacting the mixed population of bacteria with a plurality of vectors comprising a first nucleic acid sequence encoding a Cas nuclease and a second nucleic acid sequence for producing a host modifying crRNA (HM-crRNA), and
(b). expressing the Cas nuclease and the HM-crRNA in the host cells,
wherein the HM-crRNA is operable with the Cas nuclease in the host cells, wherein the second nucleic acid sequence and the Cas nuclease are comprised by a HM-CRISPR/Cas system and
wherein
the HM-crRNA comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is capable of hybridizing to a target sequence in the host cells to guide the Cas nuclease to modify the target sequence in the host cells of the second bacterial species;
whereby the host cells of the second bacterial species are killed or growth of the host cells is reduced, thereby reducing the proportion of the host cells of the second bacterial species and altering the relative ratio of the first and second bacterial species in the mixed population of bacteria; and
wherein the host cells of the second bacterial species are killed by at least 1000-fold or growth of the host cells of the second bacterial species is reduced by at least 1000-fold, and wherein the first bacterial species is not killed or growth of first bacterial species is not reduced.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method inhibits growth of the host cells on a surface.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first bacterial species has a 16s ribosomal RNA-encoding DNA sequence that is at least about 80% identical to an 16s ribosomal RNA-encoding DNA sequence of the second bacterial species.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mixed population of bacteria comprises a third bacterial species.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein expression of the Cas nuclease is induced in the host cells, whereby the Cas nuclease and the HM-crRNA are combined in the host cells.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein step (b) comprises inducing production of the HM-crRNA in the host cells.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first bacterial species is a gram negative species and the second bacterial species is a gram negative species.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first bacterial species is a gram positive species and the second bacterial species is a gram negative species.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the target sequence is comprised by an essential gene, an antibiotic resistance gene, or a virulence gene of the host cells.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second bacterial species is an Enterobacteriaceae species.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second bacterial species is E. coli.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mixed population is in a human gut microbiota.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein Cas expression is inducible in the host cells.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second nucleic acid sequence for producing the HM-crRNA is operably linked to an inducible promoter.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first bacterial species is a Bacteroidetes.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the host cells are Firmicutes cells.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein each vector is a virus, a phage, a phagemid, or a plasmid.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first bacterial species and the second bacterial species are Firmicutes species and the growth of the first bacterial species is not inhibited by the HM-CRISPR/Cas system.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first bacterial species and the second bacterial species are gram-positive species and the growth of the first bacterial species is not inhibited by the HM-CRISPR/Cas system.
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the host cells are Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Listeria, E coli, Desulfovibrio, Vibrio or Clostridium cells.
21. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first bacterial species is a Bacteroidetes species and the second bacterial species is a Firmicutes or gram-positive species, and wherein the relative ratio of the Bacteroidetes species versus the Firmicutes or gram-positive species is increased.
22. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first bacterial species is B. thetaiotamicron.
23. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first bacterial species is B. fragilis.
24. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mixed population comprises E. coli and Lactobacillus bacteria.
25. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mixed population comprises E. coli and B. subtilis.
26. The method of claim 1 , wherein the HM-CRISPR system comprises a tracrRNA, and wherein the tracrRNA is encoded by an engineered nucleic acid sequence.
27. The method of claim 1 , wherein the target sequence is comprised by an essential gene that is required for protein production.
28. The method of claim 1 , wherein the Cas nuclease is a Cas nuclease of Type I or Type II CRISPR system.
29. The method of claim 1 , wherein the HM-CRISPR/Cas system comprises an endogenous tracrRNA of the host cells.