Systems and methods for surface retention of fluids
Systems and methods related to the formation of a reaction product on a surface are generally provided. The systems and methods described herein may allow for collection of the retention of a fluid by a surface in a relatively high amount. Such systems and methods may be useful in various applications including, for example, agriculture. In some embodiments, the systems and methods enhance water retention on hydrophobic surfaces of plants. Advantageously, the methods described herein may, in some cases, result in the formation of reaction products on a surface that serve to prevent fluids from being removed from the surface. Advantageously, the systems and methods described herein may suppress the adverse effects of natural conditions such as high surface energies and wind.
1. A method for exposing a surface of a plant to a pesticide while enhancing retention of the pesticide on the surface of the plant and reducing pesticide waste, comprising:
simultaneously spraying separate solutions of a first composition comprising a first polyelectrolyte and a second composition comprising a second polyelectrolyte on the surface of the plant such that a layer comprising the first polyelectrolyte and the second polyelectrolyte is deposited on the surface of the plant; and
spraying a third composition comprising the pesticide on at least a portion of the layer such that the third composition comprising the pesticide is retained on the portion of the layer in an increased amount as compared to spraying the third composition comprising the pesticide on at least the portion of the layer in the absence of simultaneously spraying separate solutions of the first composition comprising the first polyelectrolyte and the second composition comprising the second polyelectrolyte on the surface of the plant.
2. A method as in claim 1 , wherein spraying separate solutions of the first composition and the second composition onto the surface of the plant comprises forming droplets with a pinning number of greater than or equal to 0.01 and less than or equal to 10.
3. A method as in claim 1 , wherein spraying the third composition is simultaneous to spraying separate solutions of the first composition and the second composition.
4. A method as in claim 1 , wherein, prior to simultaneously spraying separate solutions of the first composition and the second composition on the surface of the plant, a contact angle between water and the surface of the plant is greater than or equal to 90°.
5. A method as in claim 1 , wherein, prior to simultaneously spraying separate solutions of the first composition and the second composition on the surface of the plant, the surface of the plant is a superhydrophobic surface.
6. A method as in claim 1 , wherein the surface of the plant comprises a surface of a leaf.
7. A method as in claim 1 , wherein the first polyelectrolyte and/or the second polyelectrolyte comprises one or more of a nucleic acid, poly(L-lysine), poly(L-glutamic acid), carrageenan, heparin, alginate, alginic acid, hyaluronic acid, pectin, chitosan, a cellulose-based polyelectrolyte, a starch-based polyelectrolyte, a dextran-based polyelectrolyte, poly(ethyleneimine), poly(vinylbenzyltrialkyl ammonium), poly(4-vinyl-N-alkylpyridinium), poly(acryloyloxyalkyltrialkyl ammonium), poly(acrylamidoalkyltrialkyl ammonium), poly(diallyldimethyl ammonium), poly(styrene sulfonic acid), poly(vinyl sulfonic acid), poly(acrylic acid), poly(methacrylic acid), poly(itaconic acid), and a malie acid diallylamine copolymer.
8. A method as in claim 1 , wherein the third composition further comprises an active agent selected from the group consisting of herbicides, fertilizers, agricultural chemicals, pigments, paints, flavorings, pharmaceutically active ingredients, cosmetics, and fire-retardant species.
9. A method, comprising:
essentially simultaneously exposing a hydrophobic surface to separate solutions of:
a first composition comprising a first species with a first charge; and
a second composition comprising a second species with a second charge, wherein the second charge is opposite in sign to the first charge,
wherein the hydrophobic surface is a surface of a plant, and wherein exposing the hydrophobic surface to separate solutions of the first composition and the second composition causes a precipitate to be formed comprising both the first species and the second species, and wherein the precipitate is formed on at least a portion of the hydrophobic surface.
10. A method as in claim 9 , wherein the precipitate is capable of partially pinning a droplet.
11. A method as in claim 9 , wherein exposing the hydrophobic surface to separate solutions of the first composition and the second composition comprises spraying the first composition and the second composition onto the hydrophobic surface.
12. A method as in claim 9 , wherein the precipitate comprises a polyelectrolyte complex.
13. A method as in claim 9 , wherein at least one of the first composition and the second composition comprises a polyelectrolyte.
14. A method, comprising:
essentially simultaneously exposing a hydrophobic surface to separate solutions of:
a first composition comprising a first species; and
a second composition comprising a second species;
wherein the hydrophobic surface is a surface of a plant, and wherein a ratio of a surface coverage when the hydrophobic surface is exposed to separate solutions of both the first composition and the second composition essentially simultaneously to a surface coverage when the hydrophobic surface is exposed to equivalent amounts of the first composition and the second composition non-simultaneously is greater than 1, wherein the surface coverage is a percent of an area of the hydrophobic surface that is covered by the first composition and the second composition.