Destruction of PFAS via an oxidation process and apparatus suitable for transportation to contaminated sites
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are destroyed by oxidation in supercritical conditions. PFAS in water can be concentrated and prepared for destruction in a pretreatment phase. Following annihilation of the PFAS in supercritical conditions to levels below 5 parts per trillion (ppt), the water effluent can be used to recover heat, returned to sub-critical conditions, and then released back into the environment.
1. A method of destroying PFAS in a PFAS-containing aqueous mixture, comprising: reacting the PFAS with an aqueous oxidant under supercritical conditions to produce an effluent, and further comprising treating the effluent from the step of reacting with an aqueous oxidant with an alkali or alkaline earth element, to convert the PFAS to a product mixture comprising carbon dioxide and an alkali or alkaline earth fluoride.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of reacting the PFAS with an aqueous oxidant occurs under supercritical conditions conducted in a SCWO reactor with a residence time of 20 s or less.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the PFAS-containing aqueous mixture comprises at least 100 ppm PFOS and the effluent comprises 1 ppm to 5 ppt PFOS.
4. The method of claim 2 wherein the PFAS-containing aqueous mixture comprises at least 100 ppt of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of PFBA, PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, 6:2 FTS, and 8:2 FTS and the method reduces the concentration of the at least one compound to 5 ppt or less.
5. The method of claim 2 wherein an organic fuel is added to the PFAS-containing aqueous mixture prior to the step of reacting.
6. The method claim 5 wherein the organic fuel comprises an alcohol or acetone.
7. The method of claim 5 wherein, after addition of the organic fuel, the PFAS-containing aqueous mixture comprises 0.5 to 5 wt % organic fuel.
8. The method of claim 2 wherein flow during the supercritical oxidation step is consistently downward with respect to gravity.
9. The method of claim 2 further comprising pretreating the PFAS-containing aqueous mixture to separate salts.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein the oxidant comprises hydrogen peroxide.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein the PFAS-containing aqueous mixture comprises at least 100 ppm PFOA and wherein the PFOA is destroyed by the method so that the effluent has a PFOA concentration that is reduced by a factor of at least 10 6 .
12. The method of claim 1 wherein the method is carried out in a mobile trailer.
13. A method of destroying PFAS in a PFAS-containing aqueous mixture, comprising: reacting the PFAS with an aqueous oxidant under supercritical conditions to produce an effluent, and further comprising treating the effluent from the step of reacting with an aqueous oxidant with an alkali or alkaline earth element, to convert the PFAS to a product mixture comprising carbon dioxide and an alkali or alkaline earth fluoride; and,
prior to the step of reacting the PFAS with an aqueous oxidant, super-saturating the PFAS-containing aqueous mixture with air to form a supersaturated PFAS-containing aqueous mixture and passing the supersaturated PFAS-containing aqueous mixture into a tank and reducing pressure in the tank such that bubbles are generated in the aqueous mixture to create a foamed mixture.
14. The method of claim 13 wherein the step of treating the effluent with an alkali or alkaline earth element comprises treating the effluent from the step of reacting with an aqueous oxidant with NaOH, LiOH, or KOH.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein the PFAS-containing aqueous mixture comprises at least 100 ppm PFOA and the effluent comprises 1 ppm to 5 ppt PFOA.
16. The method of claim 13 wherein the PFAS-containing aqueous mixture is obtained from the foamed mixture.
17. A method of removing salt from a PFAS-containing aqueous mixture, comprising: spraying the PFAS-containing aqueous mixture through a nozzle into an expansion vessel in which the PFAS-containing aqueous mixture is vaporized leaving a salt-containing stalactite on an exterior surface of the nozzle.
18. The method of claim 17 further comprising heating the PFAS-containing aqueous mixture in a heat exchanger prior to the step of spraying.
19. The method of claim 17 wherein the nozzle is jacketed and heated with a recycle stream comprising an effluent from a SCWO reactor.
20. The method of claim 17 wherein the PFAS-containing aqueous mixture is passed through a conduit to the nozzle and wherein pressure in the expansion vessel is at least five times less than in the conduit.
21. The method of claim 17 wherein the nozzle has an orifice having a diameter of 1.5 mm or less.
22. The method of claim 17 wherein the vaporized PFAS-containing aqueous mixture is condensed and passed into a SCWO reactor where PFAS in the PFAS-containing aqueous mixture is destroyed.