Nerve block by electrical pulses at sub-threshold intensity

1. A method of blocking a nerve or neuron, comprising:

applying an electrical stimulation to the nerve or neuron, wherein the electrical stimulation comprises charge-balanced, biphasic, symmetric electrical pulses and is of an intensity that does not cause nerve or neuron excitation, for a length of time sufficient to produce a block of nerve conduction or neuron excitation.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the intensity of the electrical stimulation is below an initial excitation threshold of the nerve or neuron.

3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the stimulation is applied at an intensity below the initial excitation threshold of the nerve or neuron for a length of time sufficient to cause an increase of the initial excitation threshold of the nerve or neuron to a first increased excitation threshold.

4. The method of claim 3 , further comprising increasing the intensity of the electrical stimulation to a first increased intensity electrical stimulation above the initial excitation threshold of the nerve or neuron and below the first increased excitation threshold of the nerve or neuron for a length of time sufficient to cause an increase of the first increased excitation threshold of the nerve or neuron to a second increased excitation threshold.

5. The method of claim 4 , further comprising increasing the intensity of the first increased intensity electrical stimulation to a second increased intensity electrical stimulation above the first increased excitation threshold of the nerve or neuron and below the second increased excitation threshold of the nerve or neuron for a length of time sufficient to cause an increase of the second excitation threshold of the nerve or neuron to a third increased excitation threshold.

6. The method of claim 4 , wherein the first increased intensity electrical stimulation, the second increased intensity electrical stimulation, and/or any additional increased intensity electrical stimulation are delivered for a period of from 100 milliseconds to 14 days.

7. The method of claim 3 , wherein, as a result of increasing the initial excitation threshold to the first or second or third or any additional increased excitation threshold, the nerve is blocked from conducting action potentials or the neuron is blocked from generating action potentials.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrical stimulation is delivered at an intensity of 0.01 mA to 10 mA and/or 1 mV to 10,000 mV.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrical stimulation is delivered at a frequency of 1 Hz to 50 kHz.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrical stimulation is delivered for a period of from 1 minute to 14 days.

11. The method of claim 1 , further comprising, once block of nerve conduction or neuron excitation is achieved, stopping application of the electrical stimulation for a period of at least 1 minute, wherein the block of nerve conduction or neuron excitation is maintained during the period and, after the period has concluded, resuming electrical stimulation of the nerve or neuron at the same or a lower intensity to continue or prolong the block of nerve conduction or neuron excitation.

12. The method of claim 1 , further comprising, once block of nerve conduction or neuron excitation is achieved, maintaining the block by reducing the intensity of the electrical stimulation or increasing the frequency of the electrical stimulation.

13. A device comprising:

a controller;

a pulse generator in communication with the controller; and

one or more skin surface electrodes or magnetic coils in electrical communication with the pulse generator, wherein

the controller is programmed or configured to cause the pulse generator, through the one or more skin surface electrodes or magnetic coils, to apply an electrical stimulation to a nerve or neuron, wherein the electrical stimulation comprises charge-balanced, biphasic, symmetric electrical pulses and is of an intensity below an initial excitation threshold of the nerve or neuron, for a length of time sufficient to produce a block of nerve conduction or neuron excitation.

14. The device of claim 13 , wherein the controller is programmed or configured to cause the pulse generator, through the one or more skin surface electrodes or magnetic coils, to deliver electrical stimulation through the one or more skin surface electrodes or magnetic coils at an intensity of 0.01 mA to 10 mA and/or 1 mV to 10,000 mV.

15. The device of 29 , wherein the controller is programmed or configured to cause the pulse generator, through the one or more skin surface electrodes or magnetic coils, to deliver electrical stimulation through the one or more skin surface electrodes or magnetic coils at a frequency of 1 Hz to 50 kHz, for from 100 milliseconds to 14 days, wherein the electrical stimulation comprises biphasic, charge-balanced electrical pulses.

16. The device of claim 13 , wherein the controller is further programmed or configured to cause the pulse generator, through the one or more skin surface electrodes or magnetic coils, to apply electrical stimulation at an intensity below the initial excitation threshold of the nerve or neuron for a length of time sufficient to cause an increase of the initial excitation threshold of the nerve or neuron to a first increased excitation threshold.

17. The device of claim 16 , wherein the controller is further programmed or configured to cause the pulse generator to increase the intensity of the electrical stimulation to a first increased intensity electrical stimulation above the initial excitation threshold of the nerve or neuron and below the first increased excitation threshold of the nerve or neuron for a length of time sufficient to cause an increase of the first increased excitation threshold of the nerve or neuron to a second increased excitation threshold.

18. The device of claim 17 , wherein the controller is further programmed or configured to cause the pulse generator to increase the intensity of the first increased intensity electrical stimulation to a second increased intensity electrical stimulation above the first increased excitation threshold of the nerve or neuron and below the second increased excitation threshold of the nerve or neuron for a length of time sufficient to cause an increase of the second excitation threshold of the nerve or neuron to a third increased excitation threshold.

19. A method of blocking a nerve or neuron, comprising:

applying an electrical stimulation to the nerve or neuron at a frequency of about 1 kHz to about 4 kHz, wherein the electrical stimulation comprises charge-balanced, biphasic, symmetric electrical pulses and is of an intensity that does not cause nerve or neuron excitation, for a length of time sufficient to produce a block of nerve conduction or neuron excitation.