Swallowable capsule and method for stimulating incretin production within the intestinal tract
Embodiments of the invention provide apparatus and methods for stimulating L cells in the intestinal tract to produce incretins for the treatment of conditions including diabetes and obesity. Many embodiments provide a method and apparatus for the treatment of diabetes by electrically stimulating L-cells to secrete incretins to stimulate or otherwise modulate the production of insulin. Particular embodiments provide a swallowable capsule for stimulating L-cells in the intestinal tract as the capsule moves through the tract. The capsule can include two or more electrodes for providing electrical stimulation to L-cells, a power source for powering one or more components of the capsule, a sensor for sensing the location of the capsule in the intestinal tract; a controller and a waveform generator for generating the electrical signals emitted by the electrodes to stimulate the L-cells to secrete incretins such as GLP-1 to stimulate insulin production for glucose regulation of diabetic conditions.
1. A system for stimulating L-cells in an intestinal tract of a patient to secrete a polypeptide, the system comprising:
a device configured to travel through the intestinal tract and electrically stimulate the L-cells at any location in the intestinal tract; and
a controller for delivering an electrical signal from the device to an intestinal wall proximate the device, wherein the electrical signal includes a waveform configured to electrically stimulate the L-cells in the intestinal tract to secrete the polypeptide without causing a peristaltic contraction.
2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the intestinal wall is a wall of a small intestine.
3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the polypeptide comprises an incretin.
4. The system of claim 3 , wherein the incretin comprises GLP-1.
5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the waveform has a square wave shape.
6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the waveform includes a first waveform and a second waveform, the first waveform configured to stimulate the L-cells without causing a peristaltic contraction.
7. The system of claim 6 , wherein the second waveform is configured to generate a peristaltic contraction of intestinal tissue proximate the device, wherein the device is configured to be advanced within the intestinal tract using the generated peristaltic contraction.
8. The system of claim 7 , wherein the second waveform occurs substantially non-concurrently with the first waveform.
9. The system of claim 7 , wherein the second waveform is generated responsive to a velocity of the device moving through the intestinal tract.
10. The system of claim 9 , further comprising an accelerometer disposed on or within the device configured to measure the velocity.
11. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a sensor for determining a location of the device in a GI tract, wherein the electrical signal is delivered responsive to the location of the device in the intestinal tract.
12. The system of claim 11 , wherein the location is a small intestine.
13. The system of claim 11 , wherein the sensor determines the location based on at least one of a sensed pH or sensed pressure applied to a device surface by intestinal wall tissue.
14. The system of claim 1 , wherein the device comprises a swallowable capsule.
15. The system of claim 1 , wherein the device comprises at least one electrode for electrically stimulating the L-cells.
16. A system for stimulating L-cells in an intestinal tract of a patient to secrete a polypeptide, the system comprising:
a device configured to travel through the intestinal tract and electrically stimulate the L-cells at any location in the intestinal tract; and
a controller for delivering an electrical signal from the device to an intestinal wall proximate the device, wherein the electrical signal includes a first waveform configured to electrically stimulate the L-cells in the intestinal tract to secrete the polypeptide without causing a peristaltic contraction, and a second waveform configured to generate a peristaltic contraction of intestinal tissue proximate the device, wherein the device is configured to be advanced within the intestinal tract using the generated peristaltic contraction.
17. The system of claim 16 , wherein the second waveform occurs non-concurrently with the first waveform.
18. A system for stimulating L-cells in an intestinal tract of a patient to secrete a polypeptide, the system comprising:
a swallowable device configured to travel through the intestinal tract and electrically stimulate the L-cells at any location in the intestinal tract; and
a controller for delivering an electrical signal from the device to an intestinal wall proximate the device, wherein the electrical signal includes a waveform having a current and a pulse width configured to electrically stimulate the L-cells in the intestinal tract to secrete the polypeptide without substantially causing a peristaltic contraction.
19. The system of claim 18 , wherein the current ranges from 10 μA to 2 Ma.
20. The system of claim 18 , wherein the pulse width ranges from 10 μs to 100 ms.