Detecting entry into and drilling through a magma/rock transition zone
A method for preparing a geothermal system involves preparing a wellbore that extends into an underground magma reservoir. Characteristics of the drilling process and the borehole are monitored to detect when the magma reservoir is reached, such that specially configured drilling operations can be performed to drill to a target depth within the magma reservoir.
1. A method, comprising:
drilling a borehole extending from a surface toward an underground magma reservoir by operating drilling equipment in a standard mode associated with drilling in non-molten rock;
monitoring drilling characteristics associated with the drilling equipment during drilling the borehole;
monitoring borehole characteristics associated with the borehole during drilling the borehole;
determining, based at least in part on the monitored drilling characteristics and the monitored borehole characteristics, that a drill bit used for drilling the borehole has entered a transition zone between a solid rock layer and the underground magma reservoir;
in response to determining that the drill bit has entered the transition zone, operating the drilling equipment in a transition zone mode, different than the standard mode, associated with drilling in an at least partially molten rock; and
in response to determining that the drill bit has not entered the transition zone, continuing operating the drilling equipment in the standard mode.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
monitoring the drilling characteristics comprises monitoring a torque of the drill bit during drilling the borehole; and
the method further comprises determining that the drill bit has entered the transition zone when the torque is greater than a threshold torque value or increases by a threshold amount.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
monitoring the drilling characteristics comprises monitoring a weight on a drill bit used to drill the borehole; and
the method further comprises determining that the drill bit has entered the transition zone when the weight on the drill bit decreases below a threshold weight value.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
monitoring the drilling characteristics comprises monitoring a pump pressure during drilling the borehole; and
the method further comprises determining that the drill bit has entered the transition zone when the pump pressure changes by more than a threshold amount.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
monitoring the borehole characteristics comprises monitoring properties of cuttings in fluid returned from the borehole; and
the method further comprises determining that the drill bit has entered the transition zone when the properties of the cuttings correspond to transition zone properties.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
monitoring the borehole characteristics comprises measuring an amount of one or more gaseous species returned from the borehole; and
the method further comprises determining that the drill bit has entered the transition zone when the amount of the one or more gaseous species exceeds a threshold value.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
monitoring the borehole characteristics comprises measuring a first temperature of fluid provided into the borehole and a second temperature of fluid returned from the borehole; and
the method further comprises determining that the drill bit has entered the transition zone based at least in part on one or both of the first temperature and the second temperature.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
monitoring the borehole characteristics comprises measuring one or more chemical and/or physical properties of fluid returned from the borehole; and
the method further comprises determining that the drill bit has entered the transition zone based at least in part on the one or more chemical and/or physical properties.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
monitoring the borehole characteristics comprises measuring a downhole temperature in the borehole; and
the method further comprises determining that the drill bit has entered the transition zone when the downhole temperature exceeds a threshold temperature value.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
monitoring the borehole characteristics comprises measuring vibrational or acoustic data associated with a region of the borehole; and
the method further comprises determining that the drill bit has entered the transition zone based at least in part on the measured vibrational or acoustic data.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein operating the drilling equipment in the transition zone mode comprises providing a thermally resistant drilling fluid into the borehole.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein operating the drilling equipment in the transition zone mode comprises drilling at a decreased drilling rate.
13. A system, comprising:
drilling equipment comprising a drill bit attached to a drill string, wherein the drilling equipment is configured to drill a borehole from a surface towards an underground magma reservoir; and
a drilling controller coupled to the drilling equipment and configured to:
monitor drilling characteristics associated with the drilling equipment during drilling the borehole;
monitor borehole characteristics associated with the borehole during drilling the borehole;
determine, based at least in part on the monitored drilling characteristics and the monitored borehole characteristics, that the drill bit has entered a transition zone between a solid rock layer and the underground magma reservoir; and
in response to determining that the drill bit has entered the transition zone, cause the drilling equipment to operate in a transition zone mode, different than a prior mode of operation, associated with drilling in an at least partially molten rock; and
in response to determining that the drill bit has not entered the transition zone, continuing operating the drilling equipment in the prior mode of operation.
14. The system of claim 13 , wherein the drilling controller is configured to:
monitor the drilling characteristics by monitoring a torque of the drill bit during drilling the borehole; and
determine that the drill bit has entered the transition zone when the torque is greater than a threshold torque value or increases by a threshold amount.
15. The system of claim 13 , wherein the drilling controller is configured to:
monitor the drilling characteristics by monitoring a weight on the drill bit used to drill the borehole; and
determine that the drill bit has entered the transition zone when the weight on the drill bit decreases below a threshold weight value.
16. The system of claim 13 , wherein the drilling controller is configured to:
monitor the drilling characteristics by monitoring a pump pressure during drilling the borehole; and
determine that the drill bit has entered the transition zone when the pump pressure changes by more than a threshold amount.
17. The system of claim 13 , wherein the drilling controller is configured to:
monitor the borehole characteristics by monitoring properties of cuttings in fluid returned from the borehole; and
determine that the drill bit has entered the transition zone when the properties of the cuttings correspond to transition zone properties.
18. The system of claim 13 , wherein the drilling controller is configured to:
monitor the borehole characteristics by measuring an amount of one or more gaseous species returned from the borehole; and
determine that the drill bit has entered the transition zone when the amount of the one or more gaseous species exceeds a threshold value.
19. The system of claim 13 , wherein the drilling controller is configured to:
monitor the borehole characteristics by measuring a first temperature of fluid provided into the borehole and a second temperature of fluid returned from the borehole; and
determine that the drill bit has entered the transition zone based at least in part on one or both of the first temperature and the second temperature.
20. The system of claim 13 , wherein the drilling controller is configured to:
monitor the borehole characteristics by measuring one or more chemical and/or physical properties of fluid returned from the borehole; and
determine that the drill bit has entered the transition zone based at least in part on the one or more chemical and/or physical properties.
21. The system of claim 13 , wherein the drilling controller is configured to:
monitor the borehole characteristics by measuring a downhole temperature in the borehole; and
determine that the drill bit has entered the transition zone when the downhole temperature exceeds a threshold temperature value.
22. The system of claim 13 , wherein the drilling controller is configured to:
monitor the borehole characteristics by measuring vibrational or acoustic data associated with a region of the borehole; and
determine that the drill bit has entered the transition zone based at least in part on the measured vibrational or acoustic data.
23. The system of claim 13 , wherein operating the drilling equipment in the transition zone mode comprises providing a thermally resistant drilling fluid into the borehole.
24. The system of claim 13 , wherein operating the drilling equipment in the transition zone mode comprises drilling at a decreased drilling rate.