Thermal depolymerization and monomer repurposing using geothermal energy
A geothermal system including a heat-driven process system using heat extracted from a magma wellbore for driving a thermal process. The system includes a magma wellbore connected to the heat-driven process system in a closed loop. A heated heat transfer fluid conveys the heat from the magma wellbore to a reactor housing a decomposition reaction. The reactor can be a batch reactor, a continuous reactor, or a through-flow reactor. The heat provides the reaction temperature necessary for driving the decomposition reaction of a polymer to an end product. The heat can be provided directly by the heated heat transfer fluid, by an intermediate heat transfer fluid heated by the heated heat transfer fluid, or by a reaction medium heated by the heated heat transfer fluid.
1 . A system for thermal decomposition, the system comprising:
a wellbore extending from a surface to an underground reservoir at least partially filled with magma that includes molten rock, wherein the wellbore provides a heat exchange interface between the magma and a heat transfer fluid to form a heated heat transfer fluid;
a depolymerization system located externally to the wellbore, wherein the depolymerization system includes a reactor configured to house a decomposition reaction occurring at a reaction temperature which decomposes a polymer into an end product, wherein the reactor is a batch reactor configured to receive the polymer and release the end product after a residence time sufficient to allow at least a portion of the polymer to decompose into the end product; and
a network of fluid conduits thermally coupling the wellbore to the depolymerization system, wherein the network of fluid conduits conveys the heated heat transfer fluid from the wellbore to the depolymerization system to provide heat for obtaining the reaction temperature.
2 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the network of fluid conduits conveys the heated heat transfer fluid to the reactor to provide the heat from the heated heat transfer fluid directly to the reactor.
3 . The system of claim 1 , further comprising:
a heat exchanger disposed in the network of fluid conduits, wherein the heat exchanger is configured to transfer the heat from the heated heat transfer fluid to an intermediate fluid that is provided to the reactor.
4 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the end product is a monomer of the polymer, and wherein:
the polymer is polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and the reaction temperature is between 600° C.-900° C.;
the polymer is nylon 6 and the reaction temperature is between 250° C.-400° C.;
the polymer is polystyrene and the reaction temperature is between 350° C.-450° C.; or
the polymer is polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and the reaction temperature is between 350° C.-400° C.
5 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the polymer is a polyolefin, and wherein the end product is an olefin that is combustible as fuel.
6 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the batch reactor contains a reaction medium, and wherein at least a portion of the polymer decomposes into the end product in the reaction medium.
7 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the depolymerization system includes a post-processing unit coupled to the reactor, wherein the post-processing unit is configured to perform at least one of a filtration operation or a dehydration operation on the end product.
8 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the depolymerization system is powered by electricity generated from the heat of the heated heat transfer fluid.
9 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the reactor comprises a heat exchange interface comprising a jacket that at least partially encircles an exterior of the reactor, wherein the heat exchange interface is configured to receive heated heat transfer fluid from the wellbore to provide heat for obtaining the reaction temperature.
10 . The system of claim 1 , wherein:
the depolymerization system further comprises a heat exchanger configured to heat a reaction medium provided to the reactor using heat from the heated heat transfer fluid obtained from the wellbore; and
the reactor comprises an insulation layer to reduce heat loss from the reactor.
11 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the depolymerization system further comprises a mixer configured to agitate contents of the reactor, wherein the mixer is powered, at least in part, by electricity generated using the heated heat transfer fluid from the wellbore.
12 . The system of claim 6 , wherein the reaction medium is the heated heat transfer fluid.
13 . A system for thermal decomposition, the system comprising:
a wellbore extending from a surface to an underground reservoir at least partially filled with magma that includes molten rock, wherein the wellbore provides a heat exchange interface between the magma and a heat transfer fluid to form a heated heat transfer fluid;
a depolymerization system located externally to the wellbore, wherein the depolymerization system includes a reactor configured to house a decomposition reaction occurring at a reaction temperature which decomposes a polymer into an end product, wherein:
the reactor is a flow-through reactor configured to receive amounts of the polymer and a continuous flow of a reaction medium,
a filter disposed in the flow-through reactor prevents the polymer from passing through the reactor, and
the continuous flow of the reaction medium carries the end product out of the flow-through reactor; and
a network of fluid conduits thermally coupling the wellbore to the depolymerization system, wherein the network of fluid conduits conveys the heated heat transfer fluid from the wellbore to the depolymerization system to provide heat for obtaining the reaction temperature.
14 . The system of claim 13 , wherein the network of fluid conduits conveys the heated heat transfer fluid to the reactor to provide the heat from the heated heat transfer fluid directly to the reactor.
15 . The system of claim 13 , further comprising:
a heat exchanger disposed in the network of fluid conduits, wherein the heat exchanger is configured to transfer the heat from the heated heat transfer fluid to an intermediate fluid that is provided to the reactor.
16 . The system of claim 13 , wherein the end product is a monomer of the polymer, and wherein:
the polymer is polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and the reaction temperature is between 600° C.-900° C.;
the polymer is nylon 6 and the reaction temperature is between 250° C.-400° C.;
the polymer is polystyrene and the reaction temperature is between 350° C.-450° C.; or
the polymer is polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and the reaction temperature is between 350° C.-400° C.
17 . The system of claim 13 , wherein the polymer is a polyolefin, and wherein the end product is an olefin that is combustible as fuel.
18 . The system of claim 13 , wherein the reactor comprises a heat exchange interface comprising a jacket that at least partially encircles an exterior of the reactor, wherein the heat exchange interface is configured to receive heated heat transfer fluid from the wellbore to provide heat for obtaining the reaction temperature.
19 . The system of claim 13 , wherein:
the depolymerization system further comprises a heat exchanger configured to heat a reaction medium provided to the reactor using heat from the heated heat transfer fluid obtained from the wellbore; and
the reactor comprises an insulation layer to reduce heat loss from the reactor.