Detecting entry into and drilling through a magma reservoir
A method for preparing a geothermal system involves preparing a wellbore that extends into an underground magma reservoir. Characteristics of the drilling process and the borehole are monitored to detect when the magma reservoir is reached, such that specially configured drilling operations can be performed to drill to a target depth within the magma reservoir.
1. A method, comprising:
drilling a borehole extending from a surface toward an underground magma reservoir by operating drilling equipment in a standard mode associated with drilling in non-molten rock;
monitoring drilling characteristics associated with the drilling equipment during drilling the borehole;
monitoring borehole characteristics associated with the borehole during drilling the borehole;
determining, based at least in part on the monitored drilling characteristics and the monitored borehole characteristics, that a drill bit used for drilling the borehole has contacted magma within the underground magma reservoir;
in response to determining that the drill bit has contacted the magma, operating the drilling equipment in a magma-drilling mode, different than the standard mode, associated with drilling inside the underground magma reservoir; and
in response to determining that the drill bit has not contacted magma, continuing operating the drilling equipment in the standard mode.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
monitoring the drilling characteristics comprises monitoring a torque of the drill bit during drilling the borehole; and
the method further comprises determining that the drill bit has entered the magma when the torque is greater than a threshold torque value.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
monitoring the drilling characteristics comprises monitoring a weight on a drill bit used to drill the borehole; and
the method further comprises determining that the drill bit has entered the magma when the weight on the drill bit decreases below a threshold weight value.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
monitoring the drilling characteristics comprises monitoring a pump pressure during drilling the borehole; and
the method further comprises determining that the drill bit has entered the magma when the pump pressure changes by more than a threshold amount.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
monitoring the borehole characteristics comprises monitoring properties of cuttings in fluid returned from the borehole; and
the method further comprises determining that the drill bit has entered the magma when the properties of the cuttings correspond to solidified magma.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
monitoring the borehole characteristics comprises measuring an amount of one or more gaseous species returned from the borehole; and
the method further comprises determining that the drill bit has entered the magma when the amount of the one or more gaseous species exceeds a threshold value.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
monitoring the borehole characteristics comprises measuring a first temperature of fluid provided into the borehole and a second temperature of fluid returned from the borehole; and
the method further comprises determining that the drill bit has entered the magma based at least in part on one or both of the first temperature and the second temperature.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
monitoring the borehole characteristics comprises measuring one or more chemical and/or physical properties of fluid returned from the borehole; and
the method further comprises determining that the drill bit has entered the magma based at least in part on the one or more chemical and/or physical properties.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
monitoring the borehole characteristics comprises measuring a downhole temperature in the borehole; and
the method further comprises determining that the drill bit has entered the magma when the downhole temperature exceeds a threshold temperature value.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
monitoring the borehole characteristics comprises measuring vibrational or acoustic data associated with a region of the borehole; and
the method further comprises determining that the drill bit has entered the magma based at least in part on the measured vibrational or acoustic data.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein operating the drilling equipment in the magma-drilling mode comprises providing a thermally resistant drilling fluid into the borehole.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein operating the drilling equipment in the magma-drilling mode comprises drilling at a decreased drilling rate.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein operating the drilling equipment in the magma-drilling mode comprises causing the drill bit to move in a reciprocating motion.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein operating the drilling equipment in the magma-drilling mode comprises providing a drilling fluid into the borehole at an increased rate to cause magma in the magma reservoir to form a solid rock plug that can be drilled by the drill bit.
15. A system, comprising:
drilling equipment comprising a drill bit attached to a drill string, wherein the drilling equipment is configured to drill a borehole from a surface towards an underground magma reservoir; and
a drilling controller coupled to the drilling equipment and configured to:
cause the drilling equipment to drill the borehole extending from the surface toward the underground magma reservoir using a standard mode associated with drilling in non-molten rock;
monitor drilling characteristics associated with the drilling equipment during drilling the borehole;
monitor borehole characteristics associated with the borehole during drilling the borehole;
determine, based at least in part on the monitored drilling characteristics and monitored the borehole characteristics, that the drill bit has contacted magma within the underground magma reservoir;
in response to determining that the drill bit has contacted the magma, cause the drilling equipment to operate in a magma-drilling mode, different than the standard mode, associated with drilling inside the underground magma reservoir; and
in response to determining that the drill bit has not contacted magma, cause the drilling equipment to continue to operate in the standard mode.
16. The system of claim 15 , wherein the drilling controller is configured to:
monitor the drilling characteristics by monitoring a torque of the drill bit during drilling the borehole; and
determine that the drill bit has entered the magma when the torque is greater than a threshold torque value.
17. The system of claim 15 , wherein the drilling controller is configured to:
monitor the drilling characteristics by monitoring a weight on the drill bit used to drill the borehole; and
determine that the drill bit has entered the magma when the weight on the drill bit decreases below a threshold weight value.
18. The system of claim 15 , wherein the drilling controller is configured to:
monitor the drilling characteristics by monitoring a pump pressure during drilling the borehole; and
determine that the drill bit has entered the magma when the pump pressure changes by more than a threshold amount.
19. The system of claim 15 , wherein the drilling controller is configured to:
monitor the borehole characteristics by monitoring properties of cuttings in fluid returned from the borehole; and
determine that the drill bit has entered the magma when the properties of the cuttings correspond to solidified magma.
20. The system of claim 15 , wherein the drilling controller is configured to:
monitor the borehole characteristics by measuring an amount of one or more gaseous species returned from the borehole; and
determine that the drill bit has entered the magma when the amount of the one or more gaseous species exceeds a threshold value.
21. The system of claim 15 , wherein the drilling controller is configured to:
monitor the borehole characteristics by measuring a first temperature of fluid provided into the borehole and a second temperature of fluid returned from the borehole; and
determine that the drill bit has entered the magma based at least in part on one or both of the first temperature and the second temperature.
22. The system of claim 15 , wherein the drilling controller is configured to:
monitor the borehole characteristics by measuring one or more chemical and/or physical properties of fluid returned from the borehole; and
determine that the drill bit has entered the magma based at least in part on the one or more chemical and/or physical properties.
23. The system of claim 15 , wherein the drilling controller is configured to:
monitor the borehole characteristics by measuring a downhole temperature in the borehole; and
determine that the drill bit has entered the magma when the downhole temperature exceeds a threshold temperature value.
24. The system of claim 15 , wherein the drilling controller is configured to:
monitor the borehole characteristics by measuring vibrational or acoustic data associated with a region of the borehole; and
determine that the drill bit has entered the magma based at least in part on the measured vibrational or acoustic data.
25. The system of claim 15 , wherein the drilling controller is further configured to cause the drilling equipment to operate in the magma-drilling mode by providing a thermally resistant drilling fluid into the borehole.
26. The system of claim 15 , wherein the drilling controller is further configured to cause the drilling equipment to operate in the magma-drilling mode by drilling at a decreased drilling rate.
27. The system of claim 15 , wherein the drilling controller is further configured to cause the drilling equipment to operate in the magma-drilling mode by causing the drill bit used for drilling the borehole to move in a reciprocating motion.
28. The system of claim 15 , wherein the drilling controller is further configured to cause the drilling equipment to operate in the magma-drilling mode by providing a drilling fluid into the borehole at an increased rate to cause magma in the magma reservoir to form a solid rock plug that can be drilled by the drill bit.