Applied magnetic field synthesis and processing of iron nitride magnetic materials
Techniques are disclosed concerning applied magnetic field synthesis and processing of iron nitride magnetic materials. Some methods concern casting a material including iron in the presence of an applied magnetic field to form a workpiece including at least one iron-based phase domain including uniaxial magnetic anisotropy, wherein the applied magnetic field has a strength of at least about 0.01 Tesla (T). Also disclosed are workpieces made by such methods, apparatus for making such workpieces and bulk materials made by such methods.
1. A workpiece comprising:
a plurality of anisotropically-shaped iron-based grains in an iron-based phase domain, wherein the workpiece is cast and the iron-based grains are formed from a molten mixture comprising iron and nitrogen, wherein at least one anisotropically-shaped iron-based grain comprises an aspect ratio of between about 1.1 and about 50 wherein the at least one anisotropically-shaped iron-based grain is an α″-Fe 16 N 2 phase domain, and wherein the aspect ratio is defined as the ratio of the length of a longest dimension to the length of a shortest dimension of the anisotropic grain, where the longest dimension and shortest dimension are substantially orthogonal,
wherein the workpiece comprises at least one dopant wherein the at least one dopant comprises at least one of Al, Mn, La, Cr, Co, Ti, Ni, Zn, Zr, Ca, or a rare earth metal;
wherein respective long axes of the plurality of anisotropically-shaped iron-based grains are oriented substantially parallel to each other by a magnetic field applied during the casting process.
2. The workpiece of claim 1 , wherein the at least one anisotropically-shaped iron-based grain defines a shortest dimension of between about 5 nm and about 300 nm.
3. The workpiece of claim 1 , further comprising at least one iron-based phase domain including uniaxial magnetic anisotropy, wherein the longest dimension of the at least one anisotropically-shaped iron-based grain is substantially parallel to the direction of the uniaxial magnetic anisotropy.
4. The workpiece of claim 1 , wherein the at least one anisotropically-shaped iron-based grain comprises iron and at least one of C, B, O, P, Y, Mn, Co, Cr, Si, Zn, or Al.
5. The workpiece of claim 1 , wherein the at least one anisotropically-shaped iron-based grain comprises the dopant.
6. The workpiece of claim 1 , wherein, for each respective anisotropically-shaped iron-based grain, the respective easy axis of magnetocrystalline anisotropy is substantially parallel to the respective longest axis.
7. A bulk permanent magnet comprising a plurality of workpieces, wherein at least one workpiece of the plurality of workpieces comprises the workpiece of claim 1 .
8. The bulk permanent magnet of claim 7 , wherein each of the plurality of workpieces includes iron nitride.
9. An article comprising the bulk permanent magnet of claim 7 .
10. The article of claim 9 , wherein the article comprises an electric motor, a generator, a sensor, an actuator, a component of an automotive vehicle, or a component of a wind turbine.